Moving Away

I can still remember that day. If you asked me, I thought the world was coming to a blazing end. Well, at least my world. It was a very humid and hot summer afternoon. Unusually warm for New England, it was the type of weather found in the deep south of our country. It was quite a coincidence actually; since this was the type of weather I would have to be used to. After all here I was on my way down to the south moving to Kentucky. It was a slightly a year before when I was first told by my parents that we would be moving. At first I didn’t believe them. I thought, â€Å"What kind of sick joke is this? â€Å"But after a few minutes I realized they were serious. More serious questions came popping into my mind. Why would we move? What about my friends? Who is going to buy this junky house? These were all questions that initially ran through my jumbled mind. My parents refused to answer my questions however. This got me extremely angry. How could they force such a change in my life and ignore my questions? My parents were being cruel, not because they were making me move but because they were completely ignoring my feelings and questions. My opinions and feelings meant nothing to them because they made the choice on their own. I was a Essay on Moving Away Moving away from all of your best friends can be a real tragedy in a sixteen-year-old teenagers life. It's hard to get up and go eight hundred miles away from everyone you know and everything you grew up around. I had this happen to me about three years ago and it is the largest change I have ever had to adjust to in my life. It wasn't the changes around me that I was bothered by; it was that I did not know one living soul for hundreds of miles and all I wanted was a friend. Two days into the summer after sophomore year at Governor Mifflin High School in the little town of Shillington Pennsylvania I would find out the worse news that a sixteen year old could hear. I found out that in four days my family and I would be moving to a suburb outside of Chicago because of my dads recent job change. I was devastated, I ran to my room and cried for about an hour with thoughts of all my friends running through my head. It was like all the memories I had with all my friends were going through my head at the same time. It was beyond doubt one of the biggest challenges of my life. During the last few days I was there I went out with my friends every night ha Moving far away from family and friends can be tough on a child at a young age. It has its pros and cons. One learns how to deal with moving away from the people they love and also learn how to deal with adjusting to new ways of life. Everything seems so different and at a young age one feels like they have just left the whole world behind them. That was an experience that changed my life as a person. It taught me how to deal with change and how to adjust. It developed me from a young boy into a mature young man. The day I moved away, a lot of things were going through my young mind. As I took my last look at my home, I remembered all the fun times I had with my family and friends through out my life. Now I was moving 800 miles away from all of that with no insight on what lied ahead for me. As my family and I drove away from our Michigan home, I looked out the window wondering what Virginia would be, and what my friends were doing. A lot of things were going through my mind at the time. At the time my main worry was if I would make any friends, and how I would adjust to everything. During the whole drive down, my mother would often let me know that everything would be all right and I would like it. Trying to be strong and hold back my tears, I just shook my head no, wondering why we had to move so far away. Life would be different for me and I knew it would. Adjusting to an atmosphere and new people had its ups and downs. Everybody ta. The effects of moving to a new town or city Nowadays, as a result of looking for better conditions of life many people have been moving from their own city to another city or country. People in all over the world are developing the necessity of find their happiness, education and a better work. Moving to a new town or city can bring some negatives and positives effects to the person who is moving. The first effect of moving to a new town or city can be found in educational life. Since people are looking to a better education, they move to a country that can give them the possibility of be a good professional. For example, in Angola my country, if you want find a great job; you have to have an international certificate. This means that the people who are living in another country have more possibility to achieve the work. Sometimes the companies on my country prefer consider people who are from another country. In short, I am the exactly example because I moved from my country to U. S. A to look for a spectacular certificate. The second effect of moving to a new town or city can be found in psychologist state of a person. For example, when I arrived here I had some mental problems because always I was thinking about my family that I left in Angola. A person who is homesick suffers the consequences alone and thinks a lot about the family that is away from her. In my opinion, think about the family who people left causes serious problem and the person cannot concentrate on her real objective there. In addition, people have to be strong and control all their feelings when they are in another town. The third effect of moving to a new town is that people spend a lot of money. To start a new life sometimes because of work or studies when people move they spend a lot of money with car, house, and school until adjust the new life with the new city. Starting a new life is kind of complicated because at first time you don’t have where buy and find everything†¦.

How Can Cities Be More Sustainable Environmental Sciences Essay

Increasingly people are traveling to metropoliss and it is estimated that by the twelvemonth 2025 that 65 % of the universe ‘s population with be urban inhabitants ( Pacione 2007 ) . However, the demands of this turning urban population are impacting on our environment as resource ingestion and waste production wreak mayhem on our planet and our quality of life ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . The international consensus is that we need to move now toward sustainable development and this means happening a balance between societal, economic, and environmental precedences for now and future coevalss ( World Commission on Environment and Development 2004 ) . This essay will discourse the construct and rules of sustainable development as a model for be aftering for sustainable metropoliss, Australia ‘s national stance, be aftering dockets at the local degree, the common visions and actions for sustainable development, and reviewing the recent Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2 026. The universe is presently home to a projected population estimation of 6.8 billion people ( US Census Bureau 2010 ) with approximately 22.4 million residing in Australia ( Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 ) . Urbanization is happening at an dismaying rate with 50 % of the universe population presently populating in metropoliss and by the twelvemonth 2025 this figure is expected to hold risen to 65 % ( Pacione 2007 ) . These mega-cities have to run into the basic demands and consumerist life styles of 1000000s of people ensuing in degrees of resource ingestion and waste production which have black impacts on the environment ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . Our â€Å" ecological footmark † greatly outstrips the rate at which our environmental resources can be renewed and wastes can be absorbed which internationally has raised grave concerns for the future sustainability of our planet ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . If we fail to move now we may really good be jeopardizing the really being of future coevalss. So the inquiry is how to make we travel towards sustainability and the echoing reply is for the sustainable development of our metropoliss. The construct of sustainable development purposes to protect our hereafter and was foremost defined in Our Common Future by the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) in 1987 as â€Å" development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † ( 2004, p.56 ) . Besides known as the Brundtland Commission, it advocated for sustainability which encompasses non merely our natural environment but equilibrating this with interacting economic and societal precedences ( WCED 2004 ) . The demand for sustainable development was emphasised once more internationally with the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) in Rio de Janeiro ( the â€Å" Earth Summit † ) which resulted in Agenda 21 ( United Nations 2004 ) . This docket paperss the rules of sustainable development and is an international guideline for actions authoritiess, non-government administrations, and the community can take together to accomplish sustainability ( Department of the Environment and Heritage 2004 ) . Several international get-togethers and studies on sustainable development for our metropoliss have since occurred and legion states and international administrations have adopted the rules of sustainable development rules into their dockets. Despite the multiple of dockets, models, and acts steering the sustainable development of our parts and metropoliss it is still a fuzzed construct and therefore a closer expression at its three constituents – environment, societal, and economic system – is needed to place the issues and demands, signifier ends and aims, and develop programs for execution. Using this integrated planning attack has normally been called the ‘triple bottom line ‘ ( Williams 2007 ) .The Triple Bottom LineFirst coined by John Elkington in 1996, the ternary bottom line advocates that the attack to sustainable development and assessment steps of sustainable patterns should see societal, environmental, and economic indexs and how they impact upon each other ( Rogers and Ryan 2001 ) . Figure 1 illustrates merely how the three constituents of sustainability are intertwined.Figure 1. The mutuality the societal, economic, and environmental constituents of the Triple Bottom Line.When be a ftering for sustainable metropoliss a balance needs to be struck between the precedences of accomplishing societal equity and inclusion, economic prosperity, and the protection of the environment ( Campbell 1996 ) . Conflicts in the precedences of each factor are inevitable and metropoliss besides impact upon environing parts and on a national and even international graduated table. With this in head, this attack to be aftering sustainable metropoliss is bound to be more successful when all cardinal stakeholders ( authorities, concern, industry, non-profit administrations, community etc ) work in partnership. Examples of precedences enveloped under each ternary bottom line constituent are outlined below in Table 1.Table 1. Examples of Triple Bottom Line Priorities for Sustainable Development( Reproduced from: Dekay & A ; O'Brien 2001, Pacione 2007, United Nations 2004, Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 )ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESAir and H2O pollution ( i.e. COA? emanations ) Climate alteration ( i.e. increased H2O temperature ) Impacts on ecosystems and species biodiversity ( i.e. species extinction ) Over usage of land and natural resources ( i.e. over-fishing, deforestation ) Water deficits Natural catastrophes ( i.e. bushfires, cyclones, temblors, tsunamis )SOCIAL ISSUESHealth ( i.e. disease ) Poverty and hungriness Inadequate lodging ( i.e. homelessness ) Social unfairness ( i.e. human rights, chances ) War Crime Impacts on quality of life ( i.e. traffic congestion, noise )ECONOMICAL ISSUESUnemployment Issues with economic growing and stableness ( i.e. planetary fiscal crisis ) Campbell ( 1996 ) lineations three major struggles which can happen when turn toing these precedences: the belongings struggle ( economic growing versus societal equity ) , the resource struggle ( economic growing versus environmental protection ) , and the development struggle ( societal equity versus environmental protection ) . An illustration of a development struggle is happening land to develop lodging for the turning population while still continuing the environment and ecosystems ( i.e. Parkss, natural militias ) . The issues ( outlined in table 1 ) which are confronting the universe are by no agencies exhaustive and some are more applicable to developing ( i.e. poorness ) than developed states ( i.e. C emanations ) , therefore designation of these specific issues, the causes, and interactions confronting metropoliss at a local degree are critical towards sustainable planning. However, metropoliss can impact globally ( i.e. due to exporting ) and hence the overall ends and aims for be aftering for sustainable development should besides vibrate with regional, national and international dockets.Ecological Sustainable Development in AustraliaIn 1990, merely a twelvemonth after sustainable development had been brought to international attending by the WCED ‘s publishment of Our Common Future ( 2004 ) the Australian authorities embraced the construct specifying ‘ecological sustainable development ‘ ( ESD ) as â€Å" ‘using, conserving and heightening the community ‘s r esources so that ecological procedures, on which life depends, are maintained, and the entire quality of life, now and in the hereafter, can be increased † ( Commonwealth of Australia 1990, cited in Williams 2007, p. 124 ) . After old ages of extended audience between all the cardinal stakeholders ( i.e. authorities, concern, industry, community, non-profit administrations, faculty members ) , studies from cardinal industry sectors on sustainability issues and advice on ESD policy way, and careful consideration of planetary positions ( i.e. United Nation ‘s Agenda 21 ) the National Strategy for Ecological Sustainable Development was published in 1992 ( Department of the Environment and Heritage ( DoEH ) 1992 ) . This papers was endorsed by the Council of Australian Governments ( COAG ) and provides a national model for authoritiess to steer their determination devising and policy development towards guaranting sustainable development in Australian. Furthermore, the Strategy aims to inform industries, concerns, and the community and promote the development of policies and patterns towards a sustainable Australia ( DoEH 1992 ) . The ends, nucleus aims, and seven steering rules outlined in the Nationa l Strategy for Ecological Sustainable Development are outlined in the tabular array 2 below. Table 2. Overview of the National Strategy of for Ecological Sustainable Development ( NSESD ) ( DoEH 1992 ) Goal: Development that improves the entire quality of life, both now and in the hereafter, in a manner that maintains the ecological procedures on which life depends.CORE Aim:to heighten single and community wellbeing and public assistance by following a way of economic development that safeguards the public assistance of future coevalss to supply for equity within and between coevalss to protect biological diverseness and keep indispensable ecological procedures and life-support systemsGUIDING Principles:determination devising procedures should efficaciously incorporate both long and short-run economic, environmental, societal and equity considerations where there are menaces of serious or irreversible environmental harm, deficiency of full scientific certainty should non be used as a ground for proroguing steps to forestall environmental debasement the planetary dimension of environmental impacts of actions and policies should be recognised and considered the demand to develop a strong, turning and diversified economic system which can heighten the capacity for environmental protection should be recognised the demand to keep and heighten international fight in an environmentally sound mode should be recognised cost effectual and flexible policy instruments should be adopted, such as improved rating, pricing and inducement mechanisms determinations and actions should supply for wide community engagement on issues which affect them In reexamining the aims of the NSESD the three basis of sustainable development are present: accomplishing environmental protection, societal wellbeing and equity, and economic development now and for future coevalss. The rules are really wide sweeping and argue for a collaborative, careful and balanced attack towards determination devising and actions to accomplish sustainable environment, economic system, and communities in Australia. Of note is the 2nd rule, besides known as the â€Å" precautional rule † , which emphasises that deficiency of scientific grounds should non forestall action to debar serious environmental debasement ( Williams 2007 ) . The NSESD rules have been incorporated into legion local, province, and federal authorities Acts in Australia, including ( but non limited to ) environmental, land, H2O, coastal, and be aftering Acts ( Peel 2005, Williams 2007 ) . One of the most recent planning Acts is the Queensland Government ‘s Sustainable Planning Act ( SPA ) 2009 ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009a ) which replaces the Integrated Planning Act 1997. In line with the NSESD rules, the intent of this new act is to accomplish ecological sustainability by pull offing the procedure and effects of development ( guaranting answerability ) on the environment and guaranting that local, regional, and province planning is integrated together through collaborative partnerships ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009b ) . Another of import papers which is steering local planning in Australia is the United Nation ‘s Local Agenda 21 ( LA21, chapter 28 of Agenda 21 ) . This plan provides a model to implement sustainable development at the local degree and strongly encourages community engagement with local authoritiess in the development of policies, action programs, and enterprises for their metropoliss and the surrounding parts. Australia has been committed since 1997 to advance the Local Agenda 21 plan and provides local authoritiess with resources and funding towards be aftering for and implementing sustainable policies, schemes, plans, and activities in their local countries ( Cotter and Hannan 1999 ) . Figure 2 illustrations the five action phases of LA21. These actions provide a construction for planning in which it appears to be both in line with the procedural rational attack and values-based in that it focuses on developing programs based on a wealth of information and cognition from all possible beginnings and actively measuring whether executions are working towards accomplishing the program ‘s ends and marks. Of note is that beginnings for planning can include: looking at beginnings which provide information on what the indexs or issues are happening ( i.e. of the State of the Environment studies ( Williams 2007 ) , ecological footmark appraisals ( Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 ) ) ; sing what authoritiess ( i.e. regional programs ) and administrations are making ; affecting the community and concerns to pull on their cognition, experiences, and needs ; and feedback from reappraisals and studies on the results of ain and other enforced programs. Figure 2. Action countries in Local Agenda 21 procedure ( Cotter, B & A ; Hannan, K 1999 ) As mentioned antecedently, LA21 is a planetary plan for be aftering sustainably and hence by supervising and describing on the results around the universe this feeds back into the planning procedure and is bound to make common visions for our metropoliss and the manner authoritiess ( and hopefully communities and concerns ) go about accomplishing them.Common Visions for Sustainable DevelopmentOver the past 30 old ages, since our focal point has turn towards sustainability, common visions and ends for metropoliss across the universe are playing out as we face similar quandaries. In his reappraisal of sustainable urban development in 1998 Wheeler highlighted nine chief waies for be aftering to accomplish the development of sustainable metropoliss ( 2007 ) . These, along with short descriptions, are listed in table 3 below. A major recurrent subject is the demand to switch our dependence on auto transit to more sustainable signifiers of conveyance ( i.e. trains, coachs, bikes ) in the a ttempt to cut down its impacts such as air pollution, urban conurbation, low quality of life, and demand on natural resources ( i.e. fuel ) . This and the vision of resource decrease, as seen from a personal point of position, would hold to be the hardest to accomplish. This is merely because personal transit and resources ( i.e. engineering, communications, mundane merchandises – the list is eternal! ) are so entwined in the economic system ( i.e. movement/production of goods ) and human thoughts of freedom and leisure that these extenuate the motive for alteration. Table 3. Common Visions for Sustainable Cities ( Reproduced from Wheeler 2007 ) Compact, Efficient Land Use – In built-up countries expeditiously use land and do infinites more green, safe, attractive, and livable ; continue farm land, ecological home grounds, and unfastened infinites near metropoliss. Less Car Use, Better Access – Reduce the demand for auto transit ( i.e. to work ) by constructing up public transit and entree ; making urban small towns where services and employment are in close propinquity to places ; cater environment for bikes and paseos ; increase pricing related to auto transit ( i.e. parking, fuel, enrollment fees ) Efficient Resource Use, Less Pollution and Waste – Greater focal point on resources which are reclaimable and reclaimable ; enterprises and inducements to cut down resource ingestion ( i.e. electricity, H2O ) ; increase pricing related to resource ingestion ( i.e. electricity ) Restoration of Natural Systems – reconstructing natural land and waterways to supply corridors and home grounds for wildlife and opens infinites for people to reconnect with the environment ; reconstruct bing urban Parkss and unfastened infinites ; urban horticulture to turn nutrient and workss ; reclaim abandoned land for ecological Restoration and human activities to reconstruct wellness Good Housing And Living Environments – purpose to supply low-cost lodging and design and restore houses and vicinities to give people easy accessible services, installations, and recreational and cultural infinites A Healthy Social Ecology – reduce/eliminate homelessness ; address entrenched societal jobs which are impacting on quality of life ( i.e. racism ) ; enhance community, chances, and authorization for groups to accomplish equity and justness. Sustainable Economics – an economic system that helps to reconstruct the environment and societal harm and prevent future harm ; provides valuable employment and invests locally ( i.e. local green goods ) ; economic sector move towards renewable resources and puting in new sustainable engineerings and merchandises ( i.e. intercrossed autos ) . Community Participation And Involvement – create a more functional local and regional democracy which promotes community engagement and engagement in decision-making Preservation Of Local Culture And Wisdom – through encouragement of traditional trades, linguistic communications, rites, cultural patterns, and edifice techniques ; protect local merchandises from mass-produced imports ; protect local farming area and resource stocks ; integrate architecture and stuffs into local development. A good beginning to exemplify how Australia is be aftering for sustainable development is the Brisbane City Council ‘s Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2006 which outlines the strategic way and model for the development of Brisbane to the twelvemonth 2026. The program ‘s highlighted issues and schemes are enveloped under the three focal point of sustainable development: design and environment, people and civilization ( i.e. societal ) , and economic sciences and concern ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . Figure 3 below illustrates the model of the maestro program.Figure 3. The Brisbane City Centre Master Plan Framework( Brisbane City Council 2006, p. 17 ) As a metropolis Brisbane ‘s population is expected to hold increased by 70 % in the twelvemonth 2026 ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . The vision for Brisbane metropolis is for a compact ( high-density ) metropolis based around the river which: has: green and unfastened infinites for diversion and assemblage ; provides chances for creativeness ; provides life, working, and leisure demands for a multi-cultural society ; preserves the metropolis ‘s cultural and heritage ; provides each entree and mobility for all types of motion and conveyance ( i.e. bicyclers, vehicles ) ; is an economically comfortable metropolis ( i.e. concern, touristry, instruction ) ; and provides a safe environment ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . Interestingly there are societal and economic schemes outlined in the papers but no expressed mention to an environmental scheme other than the ‘built environment ‘ scheme which involves the design and development of constructions. Alternatively mentions to ‘sustainable ‘ patterns affecting the environment are spread throughout the program such as: sustainable edifices and public infinites, air emanations, biodiversity resources, and ‘adopting sustainable resource patterns in relation to stuffs, energy, and H2O efficiency ‘ ( Brisbane City Council 2006, p.19 ) . The Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2006 high spots widespread arguments and concerns that all the declarations for sustainable development are no more than canonized lip-service as societal and economic factors still hold precedence over protecting our environment. Furthermore, it is questioned whether the execution of policies which are geared towards sustainable development are taking topographic point ( Pacione 2007, Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 ) . There is no easy reply, it may be that societal and economic sustainability require more focal point to work towards long-run environmental sustainability. Plans for the sustainable development of our metropoliss surround visions crossing from anyplace between 5 to 50 old ages into the hereafter and are invariably reviewed in visible radiation of new precedences. It will take clip to alter our society so we are willing to take on the duty, to accomplish a balance between human wellbeing and equity, economic stableness, and caring for the environment that sustains our life and that of other species. Barriers to alter besides have to be explored such as unfairness of groups ( i.e. hapless versus wealthy ) in their capacity for sustainable patterns and the restrictions of political dockets. However, these alterations may non be plenty if we have gone excessively far to retrieve a sustainable environment and drastic alternate solutions, such as engineering and scientific discipline, may be the hereafter planning for sustainable metropoliss.DecisionSustainable Development is a planning attack which aims to accomplish sustainable metropoliss by striking a balance between the precedences of societal equity, economic prosperity, and the protection of the environment ( Campbell 1996 ) . This attack has been endorsed by internationally administrations ( WCED, UN ) and states across the universe which have incorporated the rules of sustainable development into their national, regional, and local dockets, Acts of the Apostless, and metropolis programs. In audience with cardinal stakeholders the Australian authorities developed their ain ‘ecological sustainable development ‘ ( ESD ) national scheme as a model for authoritiess, concerns, industries, and communities to steer their policy development and determination devising towards guaranting sustainable development in Australian ( DoEH 1992 ) . The rules of sustainable development have besides found their manner into legion Acts of the Apostless including the Sustainable Planning Act 2009 ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009a ) which guides planning in Queensland to guarantee local, regional, and province planning is integrated together through collaborative partnerships ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009b ) . The United Nation ‘s Local Agenda 21 plan is besides an internationally critical tool to steer local authoritiess to develop of policies, action programs, and enterprises for their metropoliss and the surrounding parts ( Cotter and Hannan 1999 ) . Furthermore, through appraisal and coverage of the results of execution of sustainable programs, metropoliss around the Earth can use this information to steer their ain programs for sustainable development relevant to their country. Common sustainable development visions include: compact and efficient land usage ; reduced dependence on auto transit and better entree to promote alternate signifiers of conveyance ; reduced resource ingestion ; ecological Restoration ; low-cost lodging and better life environments ; societal equity and justness ; sustainable economic system ; community engagement and engagement in decision-making ; and the saving of local civilization and cognition. However, when reexamining a local program ( Brisbane City ) there is grounds that in Australia economic growing and making healthy communities and taking precedency over saving of our environment. This illustration challenges whether all the declarations, dockets, and programs for sustainable development are really being implemented, particularly in relation to the environment. There is no uncertainty that accomplishing a balance between the three constituents of sustainable development is hard as precedences are conflicting and barriers to execution are present. A thorough appraisal of the barriers to sustainable development would be beneficially so these can be addressed, in every bit much as they can, and considered in future planning towards sustainable metropoliss. It may be that new engineerings and scientific discipline will supply the chance by which these struggles and barriers are overcome and worlds begin to populate in harmoniousness with their environment.

Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers

The job of a nightclub manager is a professional and exciting profession. However, the common misconceptions that a nightclub manager’s life is full of glamour or he lives a posh life are another thing. Every job has its own idiosyncrasies but every job can be rewarding as well. The smooth functioning, the profitability, and the significant degree of input on the attitude and operations of the club all depend with the club manager (â€Å"Career,† 2007).People should be aware that club managers have many potentials high profile professions do not have. They are the creative people others sometimes looked down. Their brains are wired up with good marketing schemes for the welfare of their customers and business as a whole. Thus, the offshoots of their talents and strategies mean customer satisfaction and good business.  In spite of the fact that a nightclub manager’s job is a professional career it is still being questioned by few people. Consequently, there are many pressing issues a nightclub manager encounters. But I think a nightclub manager should not be alarmed at all about facing these issues often connoted in their line of work.The idea of excitement with this kind of job is overwhelming. This paper looks at the functions and duties of nightclub managers in higher form of scrutiny but with high regards. The concentration of this paper is not just the juxtaposition of the acceptable and unacceptable realities when one is a nightclub manager but most importantly to make reforms on the conventional views towards the real job of a nightclub manager.It is a prevalent reality that nightclubs are known for infamous industry of entertainment: alcohol, drugs, prostitution, and crimes. But in other clubs it is actually the opposite reality. The problem with this view is that few people tend to make generalizations and distort ideas about nightclubs which influence other people’s belief. Consequences are: (1) the persuasive power of the se few people who thinks nightclubs are a place of unwanted activities attracts majority, (2) the misinterpretation of the reality that often than not there are many decent clubs, and (3) managers who operate nightclubs are being attacked regarding questions of morality, ergo, they are being looked down.The writer does intend to be assertive and hopes to lay down critical views. So, the crucial questions which need to be answered in this short paper are:1.To what extent does a nightclub manager can control his customers and his staff in terms of providing service to customers?2.   What are the scopes and limitations a manager can give when a customer demands service?3.   How to make every operation of the club runs smoothly without sacrificing customer satisfaction?It is always important to remember that to make a good business the manager can choose to become always submissive or not. The slogan â€Å"the customer is always right† should not be taken literally because th is is not always the case. The purpose of this paper is not to draw a clear line between what is morally right and wrong, though. But it should be noted that nightclub managers are professional beings and they are aware of ethical matters whether they deny it or not.Nightclub manager has all the right to enforce his authority over his subordinates and in some cases the owner of the establishment. Since providing a good service to the customers is the key to profitable business the nightclub manager’s duties should be handled accordingly. Although formal education is needed, experience in club industry is a requisite. Advertising, management, customer service, inventory control, and financial aspects (e.g. revenues, cash flow costs, etc.) of the club are just some of the concerns being managed by the nightclub manager.But one more thing that should serve as a reminder, the work of nightclub managers is not easy as others may want to think. I conducted an interview with one nig htclub manager and he said that in his line of work he literally works to death, that he have not yet imagined until he became a nightclub manager himself.The answer to question number two is a scenario which was provided by the manager I have interviewed (see Appendix A).  One customer talks to the nightclub manager and whispers something while looking at the stage. They both look at Mikaela, an exquisite beauty and dancer of the club. The manager can recognize the lust on the customer’s eyes and he said â€Å"No† and that was final. The customer was surprised but the manager just gave him a knowing look, and that is the end of it. Everything went smoothly again. Mikaela saw everything which had happened and she lovingly smiled at the manager.It is a very rewarding feeling for a nightclub manager if he departs from the becoming â€Å"stereotype† of what a nightclub manager really does. A manager can say he really suffered different kinds of hardships in a ver y challenging milieu like the nightclub if he survived the challenges using good means.  The manager we had seen in the scenario given above is not the type of manager who just goes with the flows and acts very submissive to his customers while sacrificing the welfare of his employees. He is the not the stereotype manager, he was able to deviate from the norms. He was able to make his own choice when put in a challenging situation which involved the welfare of his employees. Thus, these manners of a manager being labeled â€Å"deviant† are uncommon yet satisfying and admirable.Furthermore, the people working in a nightclub are the embodiment of the nightclub per se. So, if a nightclub manager train his employees humanely, treat them with compassion, and pay them justly he will not just develop a good report with them but a deeper relationship.  Nightclubs are just the perfect setting in creating a world of innovation and world of creativity to answer the last question. To do this or not to this is really the ultimate question when a club manager is thinking of marketing strategies which would attract more customers and to keep regular customers coming.The manager who really wants good business not just sticks with his ultimate goal by being too focused about money. He still believes in â€Å"ends justify the means† in an acceptable way. Meaning, he does not eventually loses his heart to his staff and to his self in the process of making business good. Therefore, if his brain is really wired up with many good ideas, he will really give a damn if the welfare of his employees is at stake.Money and business are not always the motivations of a nightclub manager. The conscience of a nightclub manager should not be put in his pockets where he can get it anytime he wants or completely pretends he forgets about it after some times. If this is the case, then he will be included to the shallow people of this world. It is hard to see oneself in front of the mirror with eyes close. A real advocate of a good business has a heart.Now, the unacceptable and acceptable realities in the line of job of a nightclub manager have been laid down. And it is still safe from this point to say that the job of a nightclub manager is interesting, professional, and morally acceptable if the manager chooses to.Nightclub managers really live different lifestyles but of course with their full consent, whether it will be based on moralities or immoralities, money or conscience, and life or death. There are nightclub managers who chose the road more traveled but more despised by the society and they do not care. There are those who stay clean at first but were taken with the flow and eventually join the ones despised by society. And there are those who depart from the majority and chose the road less traveled.   So, if I may say please choose the road less traveled, you are surely on the right track.APPENDIX 1All details about the interviewee will remai n confidential.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you have a full control over your club?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have all the controls over my club.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are some of the concerns when one is a nightclub manager?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a manager I know I should be responsible in everything about this club like the operations as a whole, management, giving services to the customers, taking care of regular customers, approving what promos and gimmicks should be implemented to attract more customers, welfare of my employees, and of course as a whole how to make this business profitable, and so forth and so on.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oh I see. So, to what extent you can say that you really have the full control in this club?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being the owner and at the same time the manager, I have all the controls in making this business survive in the way I chose to. I have though of marketable strategies with the help of my employees.Interviewer:     Ã‚  Ã‚   What do you do when your customers become demanding to some extent that it involves question of morality?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   My employees learned to accept my decisions but I consider first and foremost decisions which will do both my customers and employees’ welfare. My decision should be for the good of everybody. Though I have fallen in many kinds of dilemma many times, and I have handled them rightfully. I have some friends who are also managers of nightclub who resort to what is known â€Å"illicit activities† inside a club just to make their business good and I am not like them. When I first entered this business, I was able to separate myself with illegal activities because I still had my conscience.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well, I already have an idea about what you said, â€Å"Illicit Activities† so, I am wondering how do you handle, if you are involved or not involved in this kind of realities inside the nightclub?Interviewee:     Ã‚   I chose not to get involved. You see I have my own choice. I proud to say right now that I survived many challenges a manager like me would encounter. I helped my employees because they helped me as well.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You are not the stereotype nightclub manager other people think of, so what can you say about it?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can earn more money at the same time gain good and loyal friends on behalf of my employees and customers. Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers The job of a nightclub manager is a professional and exciting profession. However, the common misconceptions that a nightclub manager’s life is full of glamour or he lives a posh life are another thing. Every job has its own idiosyncrasies but every job can be rewarding as well. The smooth functioning, the profitability, and the significant degree of input on the attitude and operations of the club all depend with the club manager (â€Å"Career,† 2007).People should be aware that club managers have many potentials high profile professions do not have. They are the creative people others sometimes looked down. Their brains are wired up with good marketing schemes for the welfare of their customers and business as a whole. Thus, the offshoots of their talents and strategies mean customer satisfaction and good business.In spite of the fact that a nightclub manager’s job is a professional career it is still being questioned by few people. Consequently, there are many pressing issues a nightclub manager encounters. But I think a nightclub manager should not be alarmed at all about facing these issues often connoted in their line of work.The idea of excitement with this kind of job is overwhelming. This paper looks at the functions and duties of nightclub managers in higher form of scrutiny but with high regards. The concentration of this paper is not just the juxtaposition of the acceptable and unacceptable realities when one is a nightclub manager but most importantly to make reforms on the conventional views towards the real job of a nightclub manager.It is a prevalent reality that nightclubs are known for infamous industry of entertainment: alcohol, drugs, prostitution, and crimes. But in other clubs it is actually the opposite reality. The problem with this view is that few people tend to make generalizations and distort ideas about nightclubs which influence other people’s belief. Consequences are: (1) the persuasive power of these f ew people who thinks nightclubs are a place of unwanted activities attracts majority, (2) the misinterpretation of the reality that often than not there are many decent clubs, and (3) managers who operate nightclubs are being attacked regarding questions of morality, ergo, they are being looked down.The writer does intend to be assertive and hopes to lay down critical views. So, the crucial questions which need to be answered in this short paper are:1.   To what extent does a nightclub manager can control his customers and his staff in terms of providing service to customers?2.   What are the scopes and limitations a manager can give when a customer demands service?3.   How to make every operation of the club runs smoothly without sacrificing customer satisfaction?It is always important to remember that to make a good business the manager can choose to become always submissive or not. The slogan â€Å"the customer is always right† should not be taken literally because t his is not always the case. The purpose of this paper is not to draw a clear line between what is morally right and wrong, though. But it should be noted that nightclub managers are professional beings and they are aware of ethical matters whether they deny it or not.Nightclub manager has all the right to enforce his authority over his subordinates and in some cases the owner of the establishment. Since providing a good service to the customers is the key to profitable business the nightclub manager’s duties should be handled accordingly. Although formal education is needed, experience in club industry is a requisite. Advertising, management, customer service, inventory control, and financial aspects (e.g. revenues, cash flow costs, etc.) of the club are just some of the concerns being managed by the nightclub manager.But one more thing that should serve as a reminder, the work of nightclub managers is not easy as others may want to think. I conducted an interview with one ni ghtclub manager and he said that in his line of work he literally works to death, that he have not yet imagined until he became a nightclub manager himself.The answer to question number two is a scenario which was provided by the manager I have interviewed (see Appendix A).One customer talks to the nightclub manager and whispers something while looking at the stage. They both look at Mikaela, an exquisite beauty and dancer of the club. The manager can recognize the lust on the customer’s eyes and he said â€Å"No† and that was final. The customer was surprised but the manager just gave him a knowing look, and that is the end of it. Everything went smoothly again. Mikaela saw everything which had happened and she lovingly smiled at the manager.It is a very rewarding feeling for a nightclub manager if he departs from the becoming â€Å"stereotype† of what a nightclub manager really does. A manager can say he really suffered different kinds of hardships in a very c hallenging milieu like the nightclub if he survived the challenges using good means.The manager we had seen in the scenario given above is not the type of manager who just goes with the flows and acts very submissive to his customers while sacrificing the welfare of his employees. He is the not the stereotype manager, he was able to deviate from the norms. He was able to make his own choice when put in a challenging situation which involved the welfare of his employees. Thus, these manners of a manager being labeled â€Å"deviant† are uncommon yet satisfying and admirable.Furthermore, the people working in a nightclub are the embodiment of the nightclub per se. So, if a nightclub manager train his employees humanely, treat them with compassion, and pay them justly he will not just develop a good report with them but a deeper relationship.Nightclubs are just the perfect setting in creating a world of innovation and world of creativity to answer the last question. To do this or not to this is really the ultimate question when a club manager is thinking of marketing strategies which would attract more customers and to keep regular customers coming.The manager who really wants good business not just sticks with his ultimate goal by being too focused about money. He still believes in â€Å"ends justify the means† in an acceptable way. Meaning, he does not eventually loses his heart to his staff and to his self in the process of making business good. Therefore, if his brain is really wired up with many good ideas, he will really give a damn if the welfare of his employees is at stake.  Money and business are not always the motivations of a nightclub manager. The conscience of a nightclub manager should not be put in his pockets where he can get it anytime he wants or completely pretends he forgets about it after some times. If this is the case, then he will be included to the shallow people of this world. It is hard to see oneself in front of the mir ror with eyes close. A real advocate of a good business has a heart.Now, the unacceptable and acceptable realities in the line of job of a nightclub manager have been laid down. And it is still safe from this point to say that the job of a nightclub manager is interesting, professional, and morally acceptable if the manager chooses to.Nightclub managers really live different lifestyles but of course with their full consent, whether it will be based on moralities or immoralities, money or conscience, and life or death. There are nightclub managers who chose the road more traveled but more despised by the society and they do not care. There are those who stay clean at first but were taken with the flow and eventually join the ones despised by society. And there are those who depart from the majority and chose the road less traveled.   So, if I may say please choose the road less traveled, you are surely on the right track.APPENDIX 1All details about the interviewee will remain confi dential.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you have a full control over your club?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have all the controls over my club.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are some of the concerns when one is a nightclub manager?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a manager I know I should be responsible in everything about this club like the operations as a whole, management, giving services to the customers, taking care of regular customers, approving what promos and gimmicks should be implemented to attract more customers, welfare of my employees, and of course as a whole how to make this business profitable, and so forth and so on.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oh I see. So, to what extent you can say that you really have the full control in this club?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being the owner and at the same time the manager, I have all the controls in making this business survive in the way I chose to. I have though of marketable strategies with the help of my employees.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What do you do when your customers become demanding to some extent that it involves question of morality?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My employees learned to accept my decisions but I consider first and foremost decisions which will do both my customers and employees’ welfare. My decision should be for the good of everybody. Though I have fallen in many kinds of dilemma many times, and I have handled them rightfully. I have some friends who are also managers of nightclub who resort to what is known â€Å"illicit activities† inside a club just to make their business good and I am not like them. When I first entered this business, I was able to separate myself with illegal activities because I still had my conscience.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well, I already have an idea about what you said, â€Å"Illicit Activities† so, I am wondering how do you handle, if you are involved or not involved in this ki nd of realities inside the nightclub?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I chose not to get involved. You see I have my own choice. I proud to say right now that I survived many challenges a manager like me would encounter. I helped my employees because they helped me as well.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You are not the stereotype nightclub manager other people think of, so what can you say about it?Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can earn more money at the same time gain good and loyal friends on behalf of my employees and customers.Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thank you for the time, MrInterviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I hope I made a little spark at least.Source:The Princeton Review, INC (2007). Career Profiles. October 2, 2007, from http://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=21

Learning Diversity and Authentic Assessment Tools Essay

Learning Diversity and Authentic Assessment Tools - Essay Example LESSON CONTENT: LESSON 1 ELECTRICITY POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE electric field and the movement electric potential electric potential difference INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES a. Focusing event: how to demonstrate the electric field and the movement of the charge. b. Teaching procedures: the lesson will involve two practices and theory c. Formative check : use of short assignments and question that can be take away or end of lesson short questions that need prompt answers. d. Student Participation: students’ participations by use of questions and answers and use of simple calculations that must be done on the board. e. Closure: end by asking the lesson if there is any student who has not understood any concept. If not, give a take away assignment that covers the whole lessons EVALUATION PROCEDURES/ASSESSMENT: use of CATs, Assignments and term paper. MATERIALS AND AIDS: use of a chart, nails, wires, batteries, card board and magnet. DAILY LESSON PLAN NAME OF THE TEACHER: DATE: BIOLOGY LESS ON NUMBER: UNIT: CELL MODELS CELL BIOLOGY INSTRUCTIONAL GOAL: The students should be able to demonstrate the distinctive features of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE: At the end of this unit the student should be able to know that there are two types of cells for all the living things and their importance in various functions of these living things. RATIONALE: This unit is taught to expose students to the two major categories of cells, their features, the categories of living things that fall under them LESSON CONTENT: LESSON 1 CELL MODELS eukaryote prokaryote INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES f. Focusing event: how to demonstrate the major differences between the cell types g. Teaching procedures: the lesson will involve laboratory practices and theory h. Formative check : use of short assignments and question that can be take away or end of lesson short questions that need prompt answers. i. Student Participation: students’ participations by use of questio ns and answer

This paper presents the case study analysis of Charles Schwab Analysis Assignment - 1

Analysis of Charles Schwab and Zara - Assignment Example The first solution involved potentially granting customers complete access to the organization’s services, while at the same time offering a 20% discount on trades. The second solution involved granting customers an even greater discount on trades, but at the same time curtailing the services provided. The major dilemma was whether it was worth sacrificing service for price discounts. Another prominent consideration was challenged from outside organizations. A lot of discount brokerages emerged that challenged Schwab’s position as one of the preeminent stock traders. In response to these challenges, the organization was to work towards differentiating itself through innovative product design and services. The main backbone of this innovation was rooted in technology that, â€Å"to both generate productivity improvements and to develop superior customer service† (‘Charles Schwab Corporation.’ 2001, p. 3). As such, a multi-channel strategy was implemen ted. Still, the organization was faced with further questions of whether to expand deeper into Internet trading. While organizations such as E*Trade had been coming on strong, Schwab recognized that they retained significant portions of the market. These considerations factored into whether the organization should assume a lower pricing strategy per trade or if they should continue with the traditional model of business based heavily on attention to service. In the second case analysis, the company under consideration is Zara. There are a number of key issues facing this organization. Zara is recognized as the chain of stores of the main organization Inditex. One of the main issues facing Zara specifically is whether the point-of-sale (POS) terminals should be upgraded. One of the negative aspects of the current point-of-sale (POS) terminals is that they run on DOS.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 51

Case Study Example A great deal of transparency has been created which has motivated the doctors to work harder. Felipe whose duties include marketing and contracting with managed care companies has also done well in his job. As a talented negotiator, he understands contracts and is good with people. He would be good at leading and managing employees since he has his master’s degree. With his engaging personality and involvement in community outreach, he has been able to improve the reputation of the center in the surrounding neighborhood. He is considered to have high integrity, as there has never been any hint of scandal associated with his name. He works many hours of time and is willing to give the time necessary to get something done. Amanda has a lot of experience since she has worked for the company for the last 10 years. She started as an office receptionist and worked her way up to the job of business office manager. She has that professional style and dresses well. She is able to motivate those around her since she is highly motivated to do a good job. She is well liked by her employees because she offers good coaching skills and gives credit for accomplishments. She rarely takes credit for herself and is able to instill confidence in those around her. Ambulatory Care Center, which is a medium-sized facility, needs to change in order for it to remain viable. The center used to serve a predominance of senior citizens who are a reflective of the immediate surrounding community. This is because in the neighborhood, more families are moving in as well as many young adults. The ethnicity of the neighborhood is changing with more families that originate from Hispania or of African to origin. The financial base that used to support the Center changed from payments that come from payments that come predominantly from payments that come predominantly from Medicare to a financial base that came from a combination of group insurance and cash patients. The Center

Apply a critical Perspective to the company decision in the 1980s to Essay

Apply a critical Perspective to the company decision in the 1980s to launch reformulated Coca Cola and suggest where a different approach to the loss of sales might have produced a different outcome - Essay Example The popularity of Pepsi products were focused on the sweetness factor which was missing in the Coke. As such, in April 1985, the company announced the decision to introduce the New Coke which had a sweeter taste and take the old flavour Coke off the shelves. This decision on the part of the company went on to become a big marketing blunder in the history of Coca Cola. The launch of the New Coke received a high level of protests from the consumers and had far reached effects on the sales and profitability of the company. Coca Cola as forced to call back the New Coke products within six weeks of their launch in the market due to extensive consumer protests and criticism regarding the decision of the company. Though, Coca Cola reversed itself and tried to position the old Coke back as the important product of the brand both in terms of production and sales, yet the sales of Coke continued dropping for a long time causing huge damage to the brand reputation as well a the profitability of the company. Coca Cola was known to be a market oriented and market savvy business which was renowned for its ability to serve the customer needs. But the blunder of new coke created much negative impact for the company and indicated its inefficiency in identifying the market needs and being blinded by the sole aim to compete with its rival, Pepsi. The paper will discuss the background of the problem and will try to find out the reasons for decision failure. It will talk about the initial response and the response of the market in the decision problem part and will also talk about the alternative strategies in the next part. The marketing and financial implications of the New Coke launch indicated the decision to be incomplete and inaccurate. Though extensive market research was carried out by the company before making the decision of replacing the old flavour of the Coke with a new flavour similar to Pepsi, it can

Ch9 - reflectional journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch9 - reflectional journal - Essay Example On the other hand, global climatic change and matters concerning national council can be explained by science. For this reason, students should be thought both social studies and science together so that they can relate them separately (National Research Council, 2011). How does the relation between subjects in schools help in effective teaching? Sciences have a relationship with other fields of study. Science and mathematics are two very close subjects, and one relies on the other while doing investigations. Mathematical concepts are used to calculate complicated steps in scientific investigations. It is more advantageous to both learn mathematics and science along so that one can be an effective teacher. For a student to understand some mathematical concepts like drawing of graphs, his/ her teacher should teach the student both mathematics and science together. This enables the student to relate the concepts and understand it well rather than teaching the two subject separately (National Research Council, 2011). The world is evolving daily, and new technologies are invented. For this reason, students should be thought the Integrated Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Engineering is an essential field in technological advancement, and so teachers should involve students in STEM experiments so that they can practically understand. The Next Generation Science Standards is more concerned with (STEM) since engineering is the core subject applied in the task. In conclusion, English and art are more important for a student to be taught. Enhancement of a student’s understanding requires much reading and writing and, for this reason, a teacher should have it as its first

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Case analysis - Essay Example This paper analyzes one of the managerial blunders that were taken by a company. This is in regard to the construction of terminal five, at the Heathrow Airport, in Terminal Five. The company that was responsible for constructing this terminal was British Airways. British Airways is the largest airline carrier in the United Kingdom. This is based on the number of fleets it operates, the size of the company, and the international destinations of the company. The intention of the company in constructing this terminal was that it should give it the capacity of increasing its revenue, and improving its public status and image. However, this turned out to be one of the strategic blunders of British Airways. This paper would examine this blunder, in relation to the theories of strategic management. Initially, the air transport industry was a government owned and managed industry. This is in almost all the countries of the world. However, because of the emergence of capitalism, and liberalization of the economies, various governments began to liberalize the airline industry, and allow for private ownership. This includes countries such as the United Kingdom which has allowed for the private ownership of the airline industry (Barney and Hesterly, 2006). For example, the British Airports Authority is a private company that manages and operates six airports in the United Kingdom, and this includes the London Heathrow Airport. It is at this airport that British Airways decided to construct the terminal five, which was to enable it expand its operations, and increase the number of its passengers. It is important to explain that the airline industry is driven mainly by profits, and this makes it to be one of the most competitive business industries in the world (Fojt, 2006). This is the reason why there is an emergence of other airline companies operating in the United Kingdom, and they include Virgin Atlantic, British Midland International

Cryopreservation of Zebrafish Ovarian Follicles Essay

Cryopreservation of Zebrafish Ovarian Follicles - Essay Example The technologies in cryopreservation have undergone tremendous advances over the last decade. In addition, cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos is also being used as an effective means of treating infertility. In this technology, the clinical application seeks to ensure the optimal survival of embryos and oocytes that are subsequently thawed and stored for transfer . The aim of this practical experimentation is to compare the slow-cooling procedures with vitrification to analyze and evaluate the most effective and safest procedure as well as to endorse suitable recommendation for the adoption of best practices. To do this, it is necessary to test and calculate the viability for control, slow-cooling and vitrification samples. Determining the number of cells in the culture is also important for standardising culture conditions and performing accurate quantitation experiments . The use of viability test with hemacytometer and typan blue staining will enable us to determine the cell number, the correctness of which is inevitable for accurate test results. Live cells appear colourless and bright under phase contrast, while the dead cells sustain blue stains and are non-refractive. To facilitate accuracy and consistency of cell counts, we have used a viability counting system. This involves counting viable, live and dead cells in one or more large corner squares and recording the cell counts. In order to obtain an accurate cell count, 40 to 70 cells will be counted during the test phase. Therefore, it may be necessary to count more than one large corner square. The controlled technique, which is the conservative method used for the purpose of cryopreservation of cells and tissues, is based on the slow-cooling approach. It needs to be appreciated that a large number of non-sensitive cells can be preserved in liquid nitrogen with little damage through slow-cooling

John K.Kennedy`s commitment to peace and disarmament before and during Essay

John K.Kennedy`s commitment to peace and disarmament before and during his presidency - Essay Example He was a committed person as then he was a senator and was addressing an audience where President Johnson was one of them. His dream of peaceful world was a forfeited one. In the address J.F Kennedy said people thought peace was impossible to achievable, it was unreal, but he said was dangerous and defeatist belief which leads to a conclusion that war is inevitable that mankind is doomed and that they are gripped by forces which we cannot control. He said this kind of view needed not to accept. J.F.Kennedy encouraged focus on more practical and attainable peace based on a sudden revolution in human nature but on a gradual evolution in human institutions on series of concrete actions and effective agreements which are in the interests of all concerned. He said that United States and its allies, and the Soviet and its allies had a mutually deep interest in a just and genuine peace and in halting the arms race. Agreements that the end was in the interest of the Soviet Union was well as the United States and even the most hostile nations could be relied upon to accept and keep those treaty obligation, which were in their interest. He encouraged perseverance in the search for peace in the hope that constructive changes within the communist bloc might bring within reach solutions which seemed beyond. He said United States to conduct its affairs in such a way that it became in the communist interest to agree on a genuine peace. Above all, while defending its own vital interests, nuclear power should avert the confrontations which could bring an adversary to a choice of either a humiliating retreat or nuclear war. To adopt the kind of course in... It is clear from the above that John F.Kennedy `s fight for a world free of arms and peaceful is well evident. He had put his life on the line just because of his desire to have A world free of arms. His fight for America out of Vietnam can be sighted as one of the reasons that his enemies had no option other than to have him assassinated. His speeches had always indicated clearly his desire and purpose for his political ambitions.He died having partially fulfilled his dream but it lives with and it needs attention. He was the youngest American president ever and a born twentieth century but his legacy lives on. His outstanding charisma and resolve of what he thought made the most coveted president in the United States ever ruled. He was a challenge and his enemies had no option left than having him assassinated.

Writing an Article Summary Essay Example for Free

Writing an Article Summary Essay The first step to writing a summary of a specific reading material is, of course, to read the whole article. This is easier said than done because reading is not just scanning the whole page. It is about devoting time to understand the paper and digesting the whole article. Re-reading may also be needed to be familiarized with general information, hypothesis, results and interpretations found in the article. Reading the article is followed by taking down notes. Here, plagiarism should be avoided by all means. There is a world of difference between taking down notes and taking down notes properly. Sometimes, a sentence appears plagiarized even when the author did not intend do, all because of the improper ways of taking down notes. Note taking is also important in creating the outline or backbone of the summary that is about to be written. After this, the actual writing of the summary is next. In writing the draft, it is important to follow the order from the original text. The topic sentence must be mentioned first, followed by an explanation on why the article is a must-read. If there are methods, terms and variables and results included in the article, they, too, should be explained. This is the chance to omit sentences or information which the article can do without (Sweeney and Hooker, 2005). Critiquing the study comes next, where scouting for areas which need improvement is done. Here, questions about the credibility and value of the summary should be raised. Critiquing is a way to make sure that the summary is helpful, ethical and significant. It shows why it needs to be done. The fifth step is editing, which is a means to double-check the summary for accuracy and completeness. If the summary lacks important information, add some. If anything sounds redundant, cut it. Editing is about ensuring that the style of the summary remains to be intelligent. Wordiness, informal language, grammatical slips and misspelled words and misrepresentation should be looked after. The main purpose of editing is making sure that the summary is acceptable, readable and focused (Greenway, 1997). References Greenway, W. (1997). Writing a Summary. Youngstown State University. Retrieved July 9, 2008 from http://iws. ohiolink. edu/~sg-ysu/sumwg. html. Sweeney, T. and Fran H. (2005). Streamlining the Summary, Perfecting the Precis. Webster University Writing Center. Retrieved July 9, 2008 from http://www. webster. edu/acadaffairs/asp/wc/summary. html.

The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis

The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis As a child I was reasoned into taking vitamin supplements as they would make me grow tall and strong. Micronutrients like vitamin C are an empirical base to the formula for maintaining a healthy and balanced body, vitamin C for example has proven to be fundamentally responsible for the regeneration of our teeth, bones, teeth and skin. Moreover its unique regenerative properties have made it a key component of several pharmaceutical products that treat disease that were once thought incurable, namely scurvy. Its biological significance adequately highlights the importance given to its estimation, but one must not forget its chemical relevance. Vitamin C has proven its chemical significance both as an antioxidant and a stabiliser for to the vitamin B complex, two applications where the amount of ascorbate is of the upmost importance. As part of a tenth grade science fair project I went about determining the concentration of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The means of volum etric analysis I used to determine the concentration of vitamin C was simple acid-base titration. I titrated vitamin C against a known quantity of analyte sodium hydroxide. The results I was left with did not successfully reflect the literature values; in fact I was far off. For years practising chemists have attempted to develop an analytical procedure that is simple to operate, rapid, accurate, sensitive and selective and consequently a large number of procedures have sprouted with diverging capabilities  [1]  . My decision to carry out the following investigation has arisen from the errors present whilst using acid-base titration, as a means of volumetric analysis for vitamin C, and a wish to analyse the varying procedures that have arisen in recent years for vitamin C estimation. I have conducted the following investigation with the following research question in mind: How far do colorimetric readings agree with the results acquired through red-ox titration, a means of volumetric analysis, for the amount, in mg, of ascorbic acid in 100g of 3 different cultivars of Brassica oleracea obtained from a local supermarket? Background Information: Vitamin C Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, leafy vegetables, berries, tomatoes and several other plant sources. It has several beneficial properties that play an imperative role in our bodys internal chemistry and therefore consistent intake of this organic molecule is of the upmost importance. Vitamin Cs primary role involves helping in the production of collagen a key component in connective tissues such the ligaments, tendons, skin, bones, cartilage, and blood vessels. Along with its biological significance, Vitamin Cs unique structure has also made it chemically vital. Note: one could generalise and say that ascorbic acid and vitamin C are synonyms for each other; Vitamin C is in fact an L- enantiomer of ascorbic acid. An enantiomer is a compound whose molecular structure is not super imposable on its mirror image. The L signifies one of two forms of optical isomers, the second being D-form. Such specifications are irrelevant to this extended essay as the physical and chemical properties of two enantiomers of a chiral compound such as ascorbic acid are identical as long as they do not react with other optically active substances. Therefore for the purpose of simplifying this essay I have used the terms Vitamin C and ascorbic acid interchangeably. Vitamin C has an appearance ranging from a whitey to light yellowy powder. A typical molecule of this sugar-acid is composed of 6 carbon, 6 oxygen and 8 hydrogen atoms; this arrangement can be seen below: File:L-Ascorbic acid.svg Figure Ascorbic acid structure  [2]   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/L-ascorbic-acid-3D-balls.png Figure Ascorbic acid 3-D structure  [3]   Strictly speaking vitamin C is the enolic  [4]  form of 3-oxo-L-gulofuranolactone. Most enols are unstable and therefore are quickly de-protonated to form an enolate ion, shown in the centre of figure 1: http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ascorbic_acidity3.png/500px-Ascorbic_acidity3.png Figure Transfer of electron pairs in ascorbic acid  [5]   Figure Distribution of Electrons in enolate ion  [6]   In the case of vitamin C it can further lose a proton as shown on figure 1 to the adjacent double bond, in turn stabilising the enolate ion. The transfer of electrons between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and the existence of two resonance structures for the negative enolate ion are also characteristic of a vinylogous carboxylic acid.  [7]  It is important to note that vitamin C is a reducing agent (electron donor) and has a standard electrode potential of 0.08V. It is also water soluble because of the numerous hydroxyl groups that are found in its structure and can therefore form hydrogen bond with water molecules. Redox reactions For this investigation the effectiveness of colorimetry and titration will be explored by means of redox reactions in acidic media. This family of reactions is fundamentally concerned with the transferral of electrons between the species in a chemical system. Like acid-base reactions this family of reactions is antagonistic in nature, they occur in opposing pairs i.e. every reduction is accompanied by an oxidation reaction and vice versa. A Redox reaction is often characterised by the loss and subsequent gain in oxygen between two species in a system for example: Copper (II) oxide + Hydrogen = Copper + water CuO (s) + H2 (g) = Cu + H2O (g) In this case since copper oxide is losing oxygen, it is being reduced and subsequently one could say hydrogen is being oxidised into water due to the gain of oxygen. Similarly we could suggest that Hydrogen is the reducing agent as it takes oxygen away and copper oxide is the oxidizing agent since it gives away oxygen. Similarly a gain in hydrogen characterises a reduced species and a loss in hydrogen characterises an oxidised species. Yet not all redox reactions will involve oxygen, the reaction between sodium and chloride is redox in nature yet there are no molecules of oxygen involved. This gives a second set of definitions for redox reactions: If a species loses one or more electrons during a reaction it has been oxidised(oxidation), and if it gains electrons it has been reduced(reduction) A species removing electrons is an oxidising agent( species itself is reduced), and if a species donates electrons it is a reducing agent( species itself is oxidised) Note: In several chemical reactions the aforementioned transferral of electrons may never actually happen and because of this reason a more accurate description of oxidation is, an increase in the oxidation number of a species and therefore a reduction is defined as a decrease in the oxidation number of a species.  [8]   Redox reactions can be broken down into half equations to demonstrate the transferral: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Redox_Halves.png Figure Half equations  [9]   Experiment 1 Though colorimetry is being tested here, the principle reaction here is a redox reaction taking place between ascorbic acid and acidified Potassium permanganate. In its oxidised state Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a purple crystallised structure. Considering it is a very strong oxidising agent, acidified KMnO4 (aq) was used as the oxidising titrant in this red-ox titration. In an acidic environment  [10]  it readily oxidises ascorbic acid consequently being reduced to Manganese (II) ions from its Manganate (VII) oxidised state. Half equation: Through our experimentation it was found that generally speaking the red-ox reaction harbours a decrease in the intensity of the purple inclining me to believe that eventually the solution would become colourless as all Manganate ions would be transformed into Manganese ions. This colour change was detected as an increase in transmittance, for successive concentrations of ascorbic acid by a colorimeter set to 565nm  [11]  . This positive correlation is evident on the trend lines presented on graphs 2 and 3. Yet one must account for the so to say false drops in transmittance. The drop can be explained by the formation of MnO2 particles which give the solution a dark brownish colour: Eventually the MnO2 particles precipitate under the influence of the sulphuric acid, allowing for the trend to continue. This phenomenon is further explained in the appendix. One should also note the fact that MnO4 has a standard electrode potential of 1.51V and considering that vitamin C has a lower one there is sure to be an effective redox reaction. Sulphuric acid Sulphuric plays a more significant role than simply providing the acidic conditions for the relevant redox reactions. Ascorbic acid itself is a weak acid and therefore would undergo a neutralisation reaction if it were in a basic environment (a pH higher than 7). It would thereafter be oxidised and the resulting product dehydroascorbic acid, would undergo a hydrolysis reaction due to the alkalinity of the solution. The ester bonds in Vitamin C would consequently break thus the degradation of vitamin C:  [12]   vitamin C decomposition Figure Degradation of Vitamin C  [13]   Furthermore sulphuric acid helps delay the spontaneous oxidation of ascorbic acid brought about by atmospheric conditions by providing a protective layer. Colorimetry A colorimeter measures the colour intensity of a sample in terms of the red, blue, and green components of light reflected from the solution. The instrument operates on the basis of Beer-Lamberts law  [14]  which states that the absorption of light transmitted through a species is directly proportional to the concentration of that species. Effectively we are measuring what fraction of a beam of light passing through a sample reaches a detector on the other side of the sample. The coloured analyte (species being studied) may absorb photons in the beam of light thus reducing the number of photons in the beam of light leaving the solution. The number of photons detected gives a value of the % transmittance which is the independent variable in this part of the investigation. A calibrated chart for known concentrations of ascorbic acid vs. %Transmittance was made to help identify unknown concentrations of ascorbic acid in different assays with respect to measured %transmittances. Iodometry The redox reaction between iodine and ascorbic acid can be used to calculate the amount of ascorbic acid in the cultivars of Brassica oleracea. The pre-prepared solution was made on the basis of this reaction: KIO3 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 5 I- (aq) â‚ ¬Ã‚  3 I2 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) + K+ (aq) As we can see iodine solution can be acquired through this reaction. The iodine is quickly reduced into its iodide ion in the presence of ascorbic acid. The ascorbic in turn is oxidised into dehydroascorbic acid: Figure oxidation of ascorbic acid  [15]   Once the ascorbic acid has all been oxidised, iodine will remain in excess. As the iodine molecules build up they will react with the iodine ions to form a blue-black complex with the starch, marking the end-point of the titration. These are the relevant redox half equations: I2 + Reduction half reaction for Iodine at a slightly acidic pH Oxidation half reaction for vitamin-C (C6H8O6) at a slightly acidic pH Final redox reaction : C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) C6H6O6(aq) + 2 I- (aq) + 2 H+(aq) (ascorbic acid) (dehydroascorbic acid) Preparing potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution: Precisely fill a 1 litre Erlenmeyer flask with 600cm3 (600ml) of distilled water Measure out 4g of crushed potassium permanganate crystals, which are to be added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the distilled water Swirl the solution until all the KMnO4 has dissolved and an intense purple solution has been formed. Preparing standardised solutions of ascorbate: Pipette 5ml of 1M sulphuric acid into each of the test-tubes Carefully Pour 100 ml of distilled water in each of the test-tubes and seal them with a bung Place all the test-tubes in some form of refrigerated unit to delay the ascorbic acid from being oxidised Calculating calibration chart: Set up your data logging equipment and set your colorimeter so that a a green LED light of wavelength 565nm is transmitted across cuvettes Pipette 3ml of distilled water into a fresh cuvette and calibrate the colorimeter to the transmittance through distilled water is a 100% Pour 30 ml of the pre-prepared potassium permanganate solution into a 200 ml beaker containing 50 ml of distilled water Pipette 3ml of the 30ml KMnO4 (aq) into two fresh cuvettes Place these cuvettes one after another into the colorimeter Measure the transmittances for 12 seconds and record them as trial 1 and 2 for the transmittance for when no ascorbic acid is present Thoroughly clean and dry the 200ml beaker and thereafter carefully pour into it, 30ml of the pre-prepared potassium permanganate solution Remove test-tube 1 (containing 0.009 grams of ascorbic acid) and pour the contents into the 200ml beaker containing KMnO4 (aq) After allowing the acidified red-ox reaction to continue for 5 minutes pipette 3ml of the product twice into two different cuvettes Place the cuvettes one after the other into the colorimeter, set to wavelength 565nm, and record the respective transmittances for test tube 1 as trial 1 and 2 Repeat steps 14-17 for each test-tube thus retaining transmittance values for all the different quantities of ascorbic acid Plot a suitable calibration chart for the average of the two trials of each sample Extracting Vitamin C from cultivars of Brassica oleracea: Collect the necessary apparatus and clean it Set a hot plate to 50 degrees centigrade and place a beaker with 100 ml water and a thermometer on it Measure out 100g of Cabbage and place them in a beaker Once the water has reached 50 degrees remove the beaker of water from the hot plate and switch it with the beaker of leaves Leaves the leaves on the hot plate for 5 minutes to slow down the action of ascorbic acid oxidase Cut the sample of cabbage as much as possible to facilitate the grinding Note: Try to perform neat cuts so as to not release too much ascorbic acid oxidase which would obscure the results Add 5ml (as with the standardised solutions) of sulphuric acid to the leaves, add some sand to help make the grinding of the leaves easier Grind the mixture using a mortar and pester until an homogenate state is achieved ( you may add 10 ml of water to help achieve the homogenate state faster but this could obscure your results considering vitamin C is water soluble and it must be added before adding the acid) The homogenate mixture produced can now be filtered through the Mira cloth into a 200ml measuring beaker as shown in Appendix To attain maximum yield you may squeeze the Mira cloth to squeeze out any remaining fluid into the measuring cylinder, yet ensure that you have precisely 50 ml of the filtered liquid present in the measuring cylinder Note: ensure that 50 ml is present in each of the measuring cylinders regardless of the source Precisely dilute the filtrate to a 100 ml, seal the beaker and refrigerate it Steps 20- 30 will have to repeated for each cultivar so that you will end up with 3 beakers, each with an equal volume of the respective vegetable filtrate solution Analysing cultivars for Vitamin C: Repeat steps 8 and 9 Pour 30ml of the aqueous potassium permanganate into a 200ml beaker Remove the cabbage filtrate from the fridge and pour it into the 200ml beaker containing KMnO4(aq) Allow the reaction to proceed for 5 minutes Pipette 3ml of this mixture twice, into two different cuvettes Place the cuvettes one after another into the colorimeter that had been calibrated Record the transmittance for both cultivar solution for 12 seconds and record the results as trial 1 and 2 Repeat steps 33-38 for each cultivar Carrying out the Red-ox titration Titrate pre-prepared iodine solution against samples of ascorbic acid extracted from each vegetable: Make new samples of cultivar filtrate as outlined by steps 20 31 Add the 100 ml of the cabbage filtrate solution with the unknown concentration of ascorbic acid, to a 150 ml Erlenmeyer flask Carefully Titrate  [16]  the pre-prepared iodine solution  [17]  to this analyte drop by drop until the end point, a bluish-black colour that persists after 30 seconds of swirling, is reached Repeat this experiment at least thrice; to obtain three different measurement that should agree with each other within 0.1 ml average the three results obtained Steps 40 to 44 have to be repeated for every cultivar filtrate Record all your results Table 18 Averages for all trials and final average No of moles of AA present in 100ml of aqueous potassium permanganate Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 1 (+/- 0.01%) Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 2 (+/- 0.01%) Average % transmittance of trials 1 and 2 -used for calibration chart (+/- 0.01%) Cultivar of Brassica oleracea Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 1 Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 2 Average % transmittance of trials 1 and 2 used for calibration chart Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Broccoli: Number of moles = 0.00048 moles Concentration of ascorbic acid = 0.0048 mol dm-3 (L-1) Number of moles = Concentration Volume Number of moles = 0.0048 0.1 = 0.00048 moles Thus both graphs show same data, I shall use transmittance vs. Moles graph from now on as this way it is quicker to calculate the mass of ascorbic acid per 100g of the relevant cultivar of Brassica oleracea. Number of moles = 0.00048 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00048 176.12 =0.08454 g/100ml =0.08454 g/100g =84.54mg of AA in 100g of broccoli (+/- 1.04%) Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Cauliflower: Number of moles = 0.00023 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00023 176.12 = 0.04051 g/100ml = 0.04051 g/100g = 40.51mg of AA in 100g of cauliflower (+/- 2.17%) Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Cabbage: Number of moles = 0.00014 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00014 176.12 = 0.02466 g/100ml = 0.02466 g/100g (+/- 3.57%) = 24.66mg of AA in 100g of cabbage Amount of iodine solution titrated into Broccoli cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Amount of iodine solution titrated into Cauliflower cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Amount of iodine solution titrated into Cabbage cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Trial 1 49.00 28.00 21.00 Trial 2 51.00 25.00 16.00 Trial 3 50.00 28.00 20.00 Averages 50.00 27.00 19.00 Facts to bear: Molar ratio of iodine to ascorbic acid is 1:1; ascorbic acid + I2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + dehydroascorbic acid Concentration of iodine solution is 0.01 mol L-1 Mr of Ascorbic acid for the purpose of this experiment is rounded to 176.12 g mol-1 It is assumed that 100 ml = 100g End point is where blue colour persists for more than 30 seconds Broccoli: On average 50 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.050 0.010 = 5.0 10-4moles of iodine solution used Since ratio is iodine to ascorbic acid is 1:1 number of moles of ascorbic acid present in solution is equal to iodine used in titration. Number of moles of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml solution of broccoli juice = 5 10-4moles Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of broccoli juice solution = 5 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.08806g/ 100ml = 88.06 mg of AA in 100g of broccoli(+/- 0.10%) Cauliflower: On average 27 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.027 0.010 = 2.7 10-4moles of iodine solution used Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of cauliflower juice solution = 2.7 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.04755g/ 100ml = 47.55 mg of AA in 100g of cauliflower (+/-0.19%) Cabbage: On average 19 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.019 0.010 = 1.9 10-4moles of iodine solution used Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of cabbage juice solution = 1.9 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.03346g/100ml = 33.46 mg of AA in 100g of cabbage (+/-0.26%) Concluding Investigation The point of this investigation was to explore the following research question: How far do colorimetric readings agree with the results acquired through red-ox titration, a means of volumetric analysis, for the amount, in mg, of ascorbic acid in 100g of 3 different cultivars of Brassica oleracea obtained from a local supermarket? Before assessing the proximity of the two sets of results obtained, I have provided a set of literature values to help determine not only the accuracy of each individual experiment but also to eventually determine which of the two procedure delivered more promising results. Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw cabbage: 36.60 mg (20% refuse)  [18]   Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw broccoli: 89.20 mg (39% refuse)  [19]   Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw cauliflower: 48.20 mg (61% refuse)  [20]   Surprisingly the experimental values for both experiments werent too far from the literature values provided above. Through colorimetry means it was found that 24.66 mg of ascorbic acid was to be found in the 100 gram assay of cabbage. As for the results obtained through iodometry it was found that the 100 g sample of cabbage consisted of 33.46mg. From the data collected it is evident that the iodometric means of analysis was more effective in determining ascorbate amount in cabbage as it returned a value that was 91.42% of the literature value whereas the colorimetry means returned a value that was 67.38% of the literature value. More significantly the error percentage concerning the cabbage was relatively lower for the iodometric titration than the error percentage for the Colorimetry based values, +/-0.26% and +/-3.57% respectively. The two aforementioned trends; difference between literature and experimental values and error percentage was similarly evident for both the other cul tivars. Iodometry returned a value of 47.55mg/100g of cauliflower assay with an error percentage of +/- 0.19% and by means of colorimetry a lower value of 40.51mg/100g was obtained with a higher error percentage of +/- 2.17%. Finally the broccoli assay too returned values that fit the aforementioned trend. The experimental values derived through colorimetry suggested a typical 100g assay of broccoli contains 84.54 mg of ascorbate with an error percentage of +/-1.04%. The Iodometric experiment returned a value in close proximity to the literature value; the results suggested that a typical 100g assay of broccoli may contain 88.06mg of ascorbic acid with a minimal error percentage of 0.10%. Through the data provided above one could superficially suggest that the redox titration involving iodine and ascorbic acid has much better served the purpose of determining ascorbic acid quantities in the cultivars of Brassica oleracea than using colorimetry to track the redox reaction between KMnO4 and ascorbic acid. Though this seems to be the case it is important to highlight the factors that could have affected the reliability of both experiments. The following variables were controlled: Source of cultivars Amount of cultivar in each assay Equal amounts of sulphuric acid used in all assays All assays were equally heated The results of two separate redox reaction was being measured in both experiments The means of extracting vitamin C out of the cultivars Yet it was not possible to control all the variables. One should primarily note how vitamin C is not equally displaced throughout a species of vegetable or fruit or any other source. Therefore the conjecture stated above about reliability of both the investigations holds true only if the following is assumed; vitamin C is equally present throughout all the cultivars of Brassica oleracea used. Practically speaking this was not the case as the iodometry experiment was carried out before the colorimetry thus leaving the cultivars more exposed to atmospheric oxidation thus in general there would be less ascorbic acid in the samples of cultivar mixed with KMnO4 than in the samples upon which iodine was titrated on. Furthermore the quantities of refuse with our experiments were inconsistent unlike that of the generalised literature values, though not calculated it was evident that our primitive school based techniques led to much more refuse than the stated amounts of the literature values . This applies foremostly to the cabbage, from which it was the hardest to retain an assay from and thus had a refuse of much higher than 20%. Inconsistent refuses wouldve have meant that the ascorbic acid extracted is not representative of the full 100g assay. One should also take account of the fact that atmospheric oxidation is inconsistent and irregular, because the experiments lasted over days. This could explain the lower values obtained for the longer lasting colorimetry investigation. The length of this investigation means that the sample solutions of vitamin C used to create the calibrated graph were sure to have lost vitamin C, despite being placed in a fridge; this questions the reliability of our calibrated graph and furthermore explains why the first investigation returned lower values of ascorbic acid in the 100g assays. Another problem with the colorimetry experiment was the fact that we used KMnO4 solution, which is generally contaminated with MnO2. The MnO2 as sugge sted earlier on in the investigation leads to false drops therefore leading once again to a questionable calibrated graph which has a general inward inclination thereof giving lower experimental values for ascorbate concentrations. The MnO2 induced drops basically lead to varying readings from the colorimeter which made it difficult to produce an accurate calibrated chart. Furthermore KMnO4 has the tendency to react with contaminants found in water due to its oxidative properties, thereby further discrediting the calibration curve made. Another major uncertainty was my use of iodine for the redox titration, not only did I not control the oxidising agent but iodine is evidently not specific enough to estimate amount of ascorbic acid in vegetable cultivars. This is because there are other reducing agents such as uric acid in broccoli, which interfere with the titer values. Since ascorbic acid is not the only one responsible for reducing iodine to iodide ions the assumed end point is q uestionable. This further suggests the higher values for vitamin C amount found through iodometry and explains why the results are so accurate relative to the literature values. There are several other uncertainties that one could consider such as the errors with the equipment, the loss of vitamin C whilst extracting it from the various cultivars and so forth yet they do not make a difference as both experiments are exposed to these uncertainties and thus in effect they cancel out and can be ignored. We have assessed the flaws in each of the means of analysis and taking all aspects into consideration i find the permanganate and vitamin C redox reaction tracked by a colorimeter a better method. Fitstly because we are not relying on anindicator, permanganate is an indicator itself, and the concentration does not deteriorate if well stopped in amber bottles whereas concentrations of iodine dramatically deteriorate overtime. Furthermore it seems the flaws with this investigation are more technical in nature and can be m

A Study On Disability Social Problem Social Policy Essay

A Study On Disability Social Problem Social Policy Essay Disability excites interest because disability is seen as a social problem i.e. it is seen either in terms of personal tragedy or of blame. Social problems generate public concern and private misery and call for collective action to remedy this (Worsley, 1972). Disability has been theorised in a number of different ways, most of which locate the problem in the individual rather than the broader social, political, and economic influences. This has implications for the location of the blame for social problems, such that they become depoliticised. The rise in the idea of the politics of minority groups is well documented and implies that in the case of people with disabilities who are unable to work the Government should provide a whole range of services. Because most Governments are unwilling to commit themselves this far, disability is again defined as a social problem, and often the burden of care lies with the family (Moore, 2002). This paper will give an account of definitions of disability and the ways in which they impact on disabled people. There will be an exploration of the concept and history of the family and its contemporary diverse forms, and an examination of the ways in which the ideology of the family has problematised the concept of care. The paper will then assess how the family has been implicated in both solving and defining the problem of disability and to what extent the social problem that is disability is a matter of private concern for families. Models of Disability The medical model of health is the most powerful in western society, doctors introduced a curative model of health that concentrated on the body where the hospital became the space for such models were put into practice (Walsh et al, 2000). This model situates ill health in the individual and ignores the social circumstances that may give rise to ill health, furthermore it has impacted on government healthcare policy throughout the twentieth century. The situation is exacerbated by the medicalisation of many conditions making them into a problem that can only be addressed by experts, as Brisenden(1986) comments: The problem is that medical people tend to see all difficulties solely from the perspective of proposed treatments for a patient, without recognising that the individual has to weigh up whether this treatment fits into the overall economy of their life. In the past especially, doctors have been too willing to suggest medical treatment and hospitalisation, even when this would not necessarily improve the quality of life for the person concerned. Indeed, questions about the quality of life have sometimes been portrayed as something of an intrusion upon the purely medical equation. (Brisenden, 1986:176). The medical model leads to the treatment of people with disabilities as passive objects of medical attention. This is oppressive of disabled people and spreads to other social relationships, it sees disability as pathological i.e. rooted in a persons biology, and thus unchanging. Contained within this model is the perception of people with disabilities as problematic. Disability has also been theorized as a personal tragedy, resulting in individuals with a disability being seen as victims. This results in policy making whereby people with disabilities need compensating for their disability. This model also affects social relationships. The view of disability as personal tragedy individualises disability so that it becomes depoliticised and the disabled person must make his or her adjustments to that disability as best they can (Dalley, 1990). In locating disability within the individual society denies any responsibility to cater for the diversity of their needs (Oliver, 1990). The third way in which disability has been theorized is in the social model of disability. This model is becoming increasingly dominant in research on disability. Vassey (1992) has described it thus: redefining disability in terms of a disabling environment, repositioning disabled people as citizens with rights, and reconfiguring the responsibilities for creating, sustaining and overcoming disablism (Vassey, 1992:44).. Here the person is disabled because of the refusal of society to provide for example suitable access for the wheelchair user. This model stresses that a disabling society leads to the exclusion of people with disabilities. Oliver (1996) contends that this notion has been politically empowering for disabled people, and has allowed a previously contested notion to develop an agenda that has influenced policy making. Some people see disability as entirely a result of social structures and processes while others feel that society compounds the difficulties that disabled people encounter. Disability is not a universal category, people have different types and degrees of impairment, some can function well with technical aids while still others are, to a greater or lesser degree, dependent on the care of other people (Dalley, 1988). The Concept and History of the Family Parsons (1955) argued that the family is the primary place of socialization and serves to introduce and instill the norms and values of society. Parsons model was what is commonly known as the nuclear family, i.e. parents and children living together to provide the mutual love and support that individuals need to be productive members of society (Giddens, 2001). Murdock (1949 cited in Giddens, 2001) maintains that traditional concepts of the family are a universal phenomenon. Others criticise the nuclear model for being too narrow and for neglecting the fact that not all family members experience life in the same way (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Whether the nuclear family is regarded as universal depends largely on how the family is defined, certainly it is no longer the norm in contemporary society. Gittins (1993) maintains that there are a wide variety of domestic relationships. Thus relationships may be universal but the forms they take can be infinitely variable. There are many single parent families, whether through death, divorce or choice, there are also second marriages that often result in reconstituted families. The nuclear model relates specifically to nineteenth and early twentieth century ideological views of the family (Giddens, 2001). The Family and Ideology Until the late seventeenth century there was little or no distinction between the public and the private sphere, families generally worked the land and they did this together. The rise of industrialization and the growth of the towns brought massive changes to what had constituted family life up until that time. Feminists argue that for centuries women have been the subordinate sex in society and this subordination is largely a result of the fact that they have been born women rather than men. This subordination increased with industrialisation and the separation between public and private spheres (Oakley 1982). The coming of the factory meant that the family was replaced as the unit of production. The growing dependence of children, Oakley (1982) states, led to womens increased dependence on men and their restriction to the private sphere. Throughout the nineteenth century there was a growing idealisation of the feminine. Women were regarded as both physically and emotionally weaker than men and unfit for the same roles. Victorian ideology said that women were created to help men and should thus remain at home. This primarily affected the middle classes but as the century progressed the working class were also influenced by this ideology, locking women into the housewife role (Oakley, 1982). Murdock (1949 in Giddens, 2001) argued that gender roles are the natural result of the biological differences between men and women. Mens superior strength and womens childbearing capabilities make the sexual division of labour the most sensible way of organising society. Delphy (1977) maintains that this results in sexual inequality. Gender differences are not innate but socially constructed to serve the interests of the socially dominant group. Delphy contends that women are a separate class because the categories of man and woman are political and economic, rather than eternal biological categories. Within the family particularly, women form a class who are exploited by men, as Delphy states: While the wage-labourer sells his labour power, the marrie woman gives hers away; exclusivity and non-payment are intimately connected. To supply unpaid labour within the framework of a universal and personal relationship (marriage) constructs primarily a relationship of slavery (Delpy, 1977:15). This relationship has been exploited by successive Governments and is implicit in many social policy initiatives. The Family and the Welfare State The post-war welfare state which promised universal welfare provision, was set up on the assumption of full employment and the notion that men would go out to work while women stayed home (Abbott and Wallace, 1997).. Moore (2002) maintains that this is an ideological view of the family and how it might function. In the late 1970s the Tories actively discouraged alternatives to the traditional family e.g. cohabitation and gay partnerships (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Since the Thatcher Government public and policy debates on family life, parenting and health have centered around the idea of responsibility (Such and Walker 2004) Moore (2002) maintains that in the thinking of the seventies and also in Labours Third Way, family members have a duty to help each other as it is not the job of the state to look after them. The state takes over when no-one else is around to share the burden. The fact that the State has had to intervene, it is argued, is one of the reasons why the traditional family is on the decline. In a good society members should help each other without regard to personal benefit. The State should be there to provide a safety net when there is no other help available. New Labour advocate a mixed economy of welfare where welfare is provided in part by the state and partly by private companies operating for profit. The shift from public to private has received much publicity and contributed to social problems and to social exclusion. Previously highly subsidized, or universal, services have either become part of the private sector, or have been subject to means testing, some welfare provision has been handed over to voluntary organizations. This has increased the likelihood that welfare and caring are now a private rather than a public responsibility (Giddens, 2001). This tends to stigmatise further those who are forced to rely on benefits, e.g. the disabled and their carers, usually women. The State and Womens Caring Role Marxist feminists e.g. Walby (1990) argue that the gender ideology that has filtered down to the working classes has affected their solidarity as a class and this makes them more easily controllable by the Capitalist system. While Marxism gives an explanation of exploitation by the capitalist system it does not explain the inequalities between women and men. Delphy (1977) maintains that gender and sexual inequality should be the fundamental categories of feminist analysis. Marxism alone does not explain for example why women are seen as responsible for household tasks. Capitalism could still profit if men stayed at home. The Community Care Act of 1990 has imposed further responsibilities on women in the role of informal carers. Dalley (1988) argues that much Governments policy making has been based on ideologies of caring with the assumptions behind the idea of community care being based on outmoded notions of the family. In practice this notion of caring disadvantages women carers and also many disabled or older dependent relatives. Within such an ideology, the caring that women do in the home is considered to be a natural part of womens role within the family. Thus, her caring role become invisible and shouldering the burden increases the likelihood that women will themselves be in need of care (Graham, 1993). This is borne out by the increasing number of women who suffer from disabilities and mental health problems. Womens caring role is further undermined by the idea that any health care that matters is given by professionals. When this is accompanied by Government discourses of self-help, self-reliance and the responsibility of the family this adds to the social stigma that disabled people face. It focuses on the disability, not the person themselves, inevitably this places an added strain on families. The prevalence of the medical model of health and the ways in which families are kept under-informed regarding the disability of a family member, particularly a child, affects family relationships. Gregory (1991) maintains that when a person is diagnosed as diabled this affects the ways in which society and the family respond to and deal with that person. Families themselves can tend to see the disabled family member as sick and different. Gregory (1991) found that having a disabled family member also affected the way in which mothers viewed themselves because ideological images of motherhood focus on having an able child. Thus a woman may feel that she is somehow not a mother because of the ways in which society defines motherhood. Press reports on disabled children and their families usually present them in terms of sacrifice and heroism (Gregory, 1991). This can affect family members response to the disabled person, their forced reliance on the medical model, and the view of disability as a tragedy becomes universalized. This misses the individuals personal needs and circumstances. It seems that increasingly the social problem of disability is becoming a matter of private concern for the family. The NHS appears to take this view. While doctors may diagnose a physical or learning disability families are often left to cope without ei ther sufficient information or professional help. In a number of cases families have reported that hospitals have refused to admit non-emergency cases unless a parent or carer remains on site to provide additional support (http://www.cafamily.org.uk/rda-uk.html). A shortage of nursing staff and the increasing tendency to perform surgery on a day care basis means that many families are left with extra caring responsibilities once they take the disabled child or adult home. (http://www.cafamily.org.uk/rda-uk.html). Conclusion Back to: Example Essays Ideologies of the family and the medical model of disability exacerbate the social problems of disability. Discourses of family responsibility place a much greater burden on many people, particularly women who bear the burden of responsibility of care. Such discourses tend to make women who find it difficult to cope feel that they are a failure. This in turn reflects back on the disabled person who may feel that they are a burden. Clearly current policies and debates over partnership between the Government and families and family responsibility is moving closer to the view that disability is no longer a public concern but a private family one. Dalley (1988) argue that some form of institutional care e.g. supported living should replace care in the family. While there are support structures in place for people with disabilities, the extent to which informal carers have access to such facilities is very limited (Baldwin and Twigg, 1990).. Perhaps supported living arrangements along wit h family involvement in personal care would, arguably, take some strain off of the family and give more independence to the person with disabilities thus making the social problem of disability a shared public and private concern rather than simply a concern for the family. Bibliography Abbott, P. and Wallace, C. 1997. An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge. Baldwin, S and Twigg, J. 1991 Women and community care: Reflections on a debate in Maclean, M and Groves, D eds 1991 Womens Issues in Social Policy London, Routledge Crowe, G. and Hardey,M.1992. Diversity and ambiguity among lone-parent households in modern Britain. In Marsh, C. and Arber, S. (Eds.) 1992. Families and Households: Divisions and Change. London: Macmillan. Dalley, G. 1988 Ideologies of caring: Rethinking Community and Collectivism London, Macmillan Delphy, C 1977 The Main Enemy London, Womens Research and Resource Centre Giddens, A. 2001. 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