Biology of diseases Essay Example

Biology of diseases Essay Introduction Brian, age 52, is an old instructor, experiencing unwell for several months. Presented, He had non been kiping at all good, frequently acquiring up in the dark to urinate, and was experiencing highly fatigued and besides noticed that his mortise joints seemed conceited. Blood and urine trial revealed that Brian was enduring from nephrotic syndrome. Further nephritic biopsy is done and cellular pathology study is need to be diagnosed the chief cause of Brian symptoms. In this study we are traveling to discourse, how kidney disease can be progressive, taking to end-stage nephritic disease and the Current methods to name kidney disease and, in peculiar, progressive kidney disease, include supervising piss for elevated protein degrees and carry oning nephritic biopsies and available interventions for kidney disease, specifically progressive kidney disease. ( 1,14 ) The presence of nephrotic-range albuminurias, hydrops, lipemia, and hypoalbuminemia is defined as nephrotic syndrome. ( 7 ) Excessive protein elimination ( 3.5g or more ) characterizes nephrotic scope albuminuria. ( 7,9,14 ) A aggregation of clinical findings which is a consequence of monolithic nephritic losingss of protein is called nephrotic syndrome, which is non a disease, but manifestation of different glomerular diseases. ( 7,17,22 ) If kidney harm is advanced, waste merchandises such as creatinine and urea N may construct up in the blood. ( 4,9 ) Proteinuria and Hypoalbuminemia, with plasma albumens degree less than 3gm/dl and hydrops of the mortise joints suggest the clinical characteristic that reveals Brian is enduring with nephrotic syndrome. ( 1,7,22 ) Additionally biopsy and the cellular pathology findings as showed in Fig 1 and Fig 2 revealed membranous glomerulonephritis. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology of diseases specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Biology of diseases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Biology of diseases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In grownup s membranous glomerulonephritis histories for about 30 % of the instances of nephrotic syndrome, ( 1,7,11 ) which is diagnosed by nephritic biopsy and seen by light microscopy with H A ; E staining demoing the thickener of the glomerular cellar membrane walls with some glomeruli wholly sclerosed, is the basic alteration in membranous glomerulonephritis which are both scattered and unvarying and accompanied small in the manner of cellular proliferation. ( 1,7 ) , The presence of spikes along the cellar membrane in the presence of argyrophilic stuff projecting out from the glomerular cellar membrane towards the epithelial infinite is indicated by Ag staining. Intense thickener of the glomerular capillary walls occur if the disease farther progresses unsteadily, utilizing anadiplosis of the glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7,11,14 ) The presences of electron-dense immune composite s sedimentations are revealed by negatron microscopy. Which farther on immunofluorescence are foun d to incorporate IgG which is normally accompanied by C3 in a typical farinaceous form demarcate the glomerular cellar membrane. In similar advanced conditions, the strength of IgG staining may be moderated. ( 8,18 ) The analysis of Immunoglobulin G subclass is of import in placing membrane glomerulonephritis underlying the anti-glomerular cellar membrane disease. ( 19 ) 60 % of persons with membranous glomerulonephritis show proteinuria conserves of which merely 40 % suffer from this disease which terminates to renal failure after 2 to 20 old ages. ( 7,22 ) Fractional or comprehensive decrease of albuminuria with auxiliary benign class is seen in 10 % to 30 % of persons. Persons between the ages of 30 to 50 old ages are more at the hazard of developing the disease, as it bit by bit progresses with no known cause. ( 7 ) Membrane glomerulonephritis is a signifier of chronic immune complex Brights disease. It is an autoimmune disease. Chronic nephritic failure is accounted in a big per centum of patients by glomerulonephritis, which is most often known as nephrotic syndrome and sometimes as symptomless albuminuria with or without the presence of high blood pressure. ( 11,14 ) It is a taking cause of nephrotic syndrome in grownups. Figure 3. Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models and Patients with, Membranous Nephropathy. ( 24 ) Antibodies and glomerular sedimentations of Ig prompt membranous glomerulonephritis. ( 19 ) Injury ensuing from deposition of soluble go arounding antigen-antibody composites in the glomerulus and hurt by antibodies responding in situ within the glomerulus, either with indissoluble fixed glomerular antigen or with molecule planted within the glomerulus can set up hurt associated with antibody. ( 8 ) In add-on glomerular hurt can be caused by antibodies directed against glomerular cell constituents. In the membranous glomerulonephritis, the mark of hurt is the glomerular splanchnic epithelial cell or podocyte which is a extremely specialised and significantly differentiated cell that rests on the exterior of the glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7, 8,18 ) Further, albuminuria follows the formation of sub epithelial sedimentations, which is linked by podocyte flattening and effacement. With the transition of clip, addition in the accretion of extracellular matrix protein synthesis by podoc ytes causes inspissating of glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7,14 ) Scientists have focused on the theoretical accounts of rats for inactive Heymann Brights disease to develop specific therapy for membranous glomerulonephritis. ( 20 ) ( Resembles human disease ) Membranous glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated disease as the first country of hunt was to place the antigen responsible for the membranous lesion was suggested to researches by presence of sub epithelial sedimentations. ( 1, 14 ) A 2nd major country of research has been recognized that antibody adhering to the membranous antigen activates complement, taking to the interpolation of C5b-9 ( membrane onslaught composite ) into the podocyte plasma membrane. ( 8,19 ) Over the past 10 old ages surveies it has been clearly documented the critical function for C5b-9-induced podocyte hurt taking to the development of albuminuria. ( 9 ) The mechanisms underlying the podocyte response to C5b-9 hurt, which include hypertrophy, matrix production, and the care of a well-differentiated and inactive phenotype, to find how these events translate into albuminurias and progressive glomerulosclerosis is the 3rd country of research. ( 9,18,14 ) This survey provides farther penetrations into the complexnesss of C5b-9-induced hurt to podocytes, and besides into the pathogenesis of membranous glomerulonephritis. The constituents of the nephrotic syndrome bear a logical relationship to one another. Increased permeableness to plasma proteins is the effect of disorganization in the capillary walls of the glomeruli, proteins flight from the plasma into the glomerular filtrate by increased permeableness ensuing from their structural or physiochemical changes. ( 7, 22 ) Figure 4. Overview of pathophysiology of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome ( 25 ) Due to the fact that Brian had long hours standing occupation he developed reduced serum albumen, which resulted in hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia and primary keeping of salt and H2O by the kidney consequence from bead in plasma colloid osmotic force per unit area, is the generalised hydrops of the nephrotic syndrome. ( 1, 7 ) As fluid escapes the vascular tree into the tissues there is an associated bead in the plasma volume, with lessened glomerular filtration. ( 7 ) The cause of membranous glomerulonephritis is idiopathic. Often, separating between idiopathic and secondary causes is non possible based on clinical grounds entirely, 85 % of instances of membranous glomerulonephritis is idiopathic. ( 14 ) Lupus and hepatitis, attendant mesangial or subendothelial sedimentations may be present in secondary membranous glomerulonephritis including infections like hepatitis B, pox, bilharzia, malaria, malignant tumours peculiarly carcinoma of the lung and colon melanoma every bit good as exposure to inorganic salts ( gold, quicksilver ) and drugs like penicilamine, caporal, no steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. ( 7,21 ) Available interventions for kidney disease, specifically progressive kidney disease, include the usage of steroids, alkylating agents and cyclosporine. ( 15 ) This intervention is controversial because of the variable class of the disease, the overall effectivity of corticoids and other immunosuppressive therapy in commanding the advancement of the disease has been hard to measure. ( 15, 21 ) The above mentioned diagnostic methods frequently are unequal since important harm to the kidney can happen prior to diagnosing. ( 1 ) The above mentioned interventions often are unsuccessful in holding the patterned advance of kidney disease and, hence, unsatisfactory, since they frequently are accompanied by inauspicious side effects, such as cellular and systemic toxicity. The methods described here in aid for naming, handling, holding the patterned advan ce and cut downing the badness of kidney disease in a human. ( 7,15 ) The methods provide an effectual mode to handle kidney disease and, finally, prevent end-stage nephritic disease. Successful intervention of the implicit in cause may be healing as a low-salt diet is a cardinal to cut downing anasarca. ( 21 ) Protein limitations may or may non be utile in cut downing the rate of patterned advance of chronic nephritic failure. Diuretic drugs help in commanding hydrops particularly Loop water pills are most frequently used. NSAIDs aid to diminish the albuminuria and have been mostly supplanted by angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors and angiotonin II receptor blockers ( ARBs ) . ACE inhibitors decrease albuminurias and command high blood pressure ; ARBs are used for patients intolerant of ACE inhibitors. ( 15 ) Hepatic 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors help in handling hypercholesteremia. ( 21 ) Routine anticoagulation is controversial as anticoagulation is by and large continued indefinitely and Antivirals may be utile in hepatitis-associated membranous kidney disease. ( 15,21, ) A younger patient presented with similar symptoms but no abnormalcies were shown with the light microscope, the glomeruli seem normal. No staining were found utilizing immunohistochemistry. Proximal convoluted tubules are loaded to a great extent with droplets of proteins and lipoids, but this is secondary to the cannular resorption go throughing through the glomeruli of the lipoproteins. When it is placed under negatron microscope its shows the uniform and spread effacement of the pes processes of the podocytes. ( 7,23 ) The cytol appears flattened of the podocytes over the external facets of the glomerular cellar membrane, pulverizing the nexus of the arcades between the glomerular cellar membrane and the podocytes. Therefore, electron microscope revealed minimal-changed disease. Minimal alteration disease is one of the common causes of nephrotic syndrome, the name is given to the infection that follows on from heavy escape of protein into the piss. It may develop at any age but it is most common between ages 1 and 7 old ages. ( 7 ) Minimal alteration disease normally responds good to intervention with high doses of Pediapred. ( 15,21 ) This frequently discontinues the protein leak within yearss or hebdomads, although it may take longer in grownups. The dosage of steroids is so bit by bit reduced. Decision This study has presented grounds to back up the impression that when nephritic map is impeded due to conditions such as membranous glomerulonephritis, early intervention steps must be implemented to forestall nephritic failure. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies were employed to get the better of the nephritic disfunction and stabilise the patient. ( 15,21 ) If these steps were non taken, nephritic disfunction may go on to deteriorate and ensue in inauspicious nephritic disease. This syndrome has been identified as a status that may finally take autoimmune conditions ( Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE ) . ( 15 ) Bibliography: 1. Cattran, C ( 2001 ) Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis , Kidney International, 59, pp:1983-1994 2. Couser WG. Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1993 ; 44: S19-S26 3. Deschenes, G. Feraille, E. Doucet, A. ( 2003 ) Mechanisms Of Oedema In Nephrotic Syndrome: Old Theories And New Ideas , Nephrology Dialysis Transplant, 18 ( 3 ) , Pp: 454-456. 4. Black, R. ( 2006 ) Clinical Problems In Nephrology. New York: Small, Brown And Company. 5. Lennon, R. Watson, L. Webb, N ( 2009 ) Nephrotic Syndrome In Children , Peadiatrics And Child Health, 20 ( 1 ) , Pp:35-42. 6. Mckinney, P, A. Feltbower, R, G. Brockelbank, J. ( 2001 ) Time Trends And Ethnic Patterns Of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome In Yorkshire, UK , Paediatric Nephrology, California: INPA16. Pp: 1040-1044. 7. Kumar, V. Abbas, A. Fausto, N. Aster, J, C. ( 2010 ) Robins And Cotran Pathological Basis Of Disease. 8th Edition. Philadelphia: Saunders 8. Mclean, R. Micheal, A. Roy, L, P. ( 1973 ) Immunological Aspects of the Nephrotic Syndrome , Kidney International, Minnesota, 3.pp:105-115. 9. Chinar, F, P. Lauson, H, D. ( 1953 ) A Study Of The Mechanism Of Proteinuria In Patients With The Nephrotic Syndrome , The Hospital Rockfeller Institute For Medical Research.Pp:621-629. 10. Jiang, X. Ke Pana, Li Lin B, Gui-Fang Wang. ( 2009 ) Nephrotic Syndrome And Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis , Respiratory Medicine CME. pp:48-50 11. Ponticelli, C ( 2007 ) Membranous nephropathy , JNephrol, 20, pp:268-286. 12. Monetary value, S, A. Wilson, L, M ( 1997 ) Pathophysiology.5TH Edition. Show me state: Mosby. 13. 14. Wasserstein, A, G. ( 1997 ) Membranous Glomerulonephritis , Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, pp:66-676. 15. Waldman, M ( 2007 ) Adult Minimal-Change Disease: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Outcomes , Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,2, pp:445-453. 16. MacTIER, R. ( 1986 ) The Natural History of Membranous Nephropathy in the West of Scotland , Quarterly Journal of Medicine,232, pp:793-802. 17. Porth, C, M. ( 2009 ) Pathophysiology. 8TH Edition. Philadelphia: Lipponcott And Wilkins. 18. Couser WG. Mechanisms of glomerular hurt in immune complex glomerulonephritis ( Nephrology Forum ) . Kidney Int 1985 ; 28: 569-583 19. Salant DJ, Natori Y, Shimizu F. Glomerular hurt due to antibody entirely. ( Chapter 17 ) In: Nielson EG, Couser WG, eds Immunologic nephritic diseases. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1977 ; 357-374 20. Mendrick DL, Rennke HG, I. Initiation of albuminuria in the rat by a monoclonal antibody against SPG-115-107. Kidney Int 1988 ; 33: 818-830 21. Baliga, R. , et al. , Oxidant Mechanisms in Toxic Acute Renal Failure, Drug Metabolism Reviews 31 ( 4 ) :971-991 ( 1999 ) . 22. Matfin.G, et Al, 2009, pathophysiology constructs of altered wellness position, ( 8 ) , Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, page no: 843-845 23. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.edren.org/pages/edreninfo/minimal-change-disease.php 24. www.analesdemedicina.com/autoinmunidad/notici 25. www.nature.com/ /v62/n4/fig_tab/4493234f2.html

Learn the Basics About Rocky, Dusty Planet Mars

Learn the Basics About Rocky, Dusty Planet Mars Mars is one of the most fascinating planets in the solar system. Its the subject of a much exploration, and scientists have sent dozens of spacecraft there. Human missions to this world are currently in planning and might happen in the next decade or so. It may be that the first generation of Mars explorers are already in high school, or perhaps in college. If so, its high time we learn more about this future target! The current missions to Mars include the Mars Curiosity Lander, the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, the Mars Express orbiter, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Mars Orbiter Mission, and Mars MAVEN, and the ExoMars orbiter.   Basic Information about Mars So, what are the basics about this dusty desert planet?   Its about 2/3 the size of Earth, with a gravitational pull just over a third of Earths. Its day is about 40 minutes longer than ours, and its 687-day-long year is 1.8 times longer than  Earths.   Mars is a rocky, terrestrial-type planet. Its density is about 30 percent less than that of Earth (3.94 g/cm3 vs. 5.52 g/cm3). Its core is probably similar to Earths, mostly iron, with small amounts of nickel, but spacecraft mapping of its gravity field seem to indicate that its iron-rich core and mantle are a smaller portion of its volume than on Earth. Also, its smaller magnetic field than Earth, indicates a solid, rather than liquid core. Mars has evidence of past volcanic activity on its surface, making it a sleeping volcano world. It has the largest volcanic caldera in the solar system, called Olympus Mons.   Mars atmosphere is 95 percent carbon dioxide, nearly 3 percent nitrogen, and nearly 2 percent argon with trace quantities of oxygen, carbon monoxide, water vapor, ozone, and other trace gases. Future explorers will need to bring oxygen along, and then find ways to manufacture it from surface materials.   The average temperature on Mars is about -55 C or -67 F. It can range from -133 C or -207 F at the winter pole to almost 27 C or 80 F on the day side during summer. A Once-wet and Warm World The Mars we know today is largely a desert, with suspected stores of water and carbon dioxide ice under its surface. In the past it may have been a wet, warm planet, with liquid water flowing across its surface. Something happened early in its history, however, and Mars lost most of its water (and atmosphere). What wasnt lost to space froze underground. Evidence of  dried ancient lakebeds  have  been found by the  Mars Curiosity  mission, as well as other missions.  The apparently history of water on ancient Mars gives astrobiologists some idea that life might have gotten a toehold on the Red Planet, but has since died out or is holed up beneath the surface.   The first human missions to Mars will likely occur in the next two decades, depending on how the technology and planning progresses. NASA has a long-range plan to put people on Mars, and other organizations are looking into creating Martian colonies and science outposts as well. Current missions in low-Earth orbit are aimed at learning how humans will live and survive in space and on long-term missions. Mars has two tiny satellites which orbit very close to the surface, Phobos and Deimos. They could well come in for some exploration of their own as people begin their in-situ studies of the Red Planet.   Mars in the Human Mind Mars is named for the Roman god of War. It probably got this name due to its red color. The name of the month March derives from Mars. Known since prehistoric times, Mars has also been seen as a god of fertility, and in science fiction, it is a favorite site for authors to stage stories of the far future.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Market Failure and Government Failure in Europe Essay

Market Failure and Government Failure in Europe - Essay Example For several decades, a debate has been raging in development economics on the relative virtues of the free market as opposed to state intervention. With the help of analytical models of a market economy, the interventionists have demonstrated what they have considered as serious instances of market failures. That is to mean, the inability of a market economy to reach certain desirable outcomes in resource use. The protagonists of the free market on the other hand, compile impressive lists of ill-covered and counterproductive policy measures implemented by the governments of different nations at different times. As a result, there has been serious wastage of resources in the economies of these countries. This debate has inevitably remained inconclusive. The analytical results on market failure do not disappear in the face of the evidence that most governments have performed rather badly. In cases where there appears to be scope for improvement over the market outcome, the search for corrective measures continues. Some protagonists of government failure tend to question the significance of such market failures. Some have voiced skepticism about the ability of governments to take any action in the economy which is not counterproductive. However, none of them has been able to explain why less developed European countries failed to grow during the first half of the 20th century.

Extensible Markup Languag Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Extensible Markup Languag - Essay Example Much of the time database functions in the application included retrieval, replacement and insertion. When an architect designs a building, he has a vision of the finished product and products result based on that vision. Client/Server, on the other hand, is more like Darwinian model of the evolution of a living species. No one has vision of the finished products; rather, day-to-day events and gradual changes affect it over time in reaction to those events. In the beginning, application was simple, reading input transaction in a 'batch', processing them against a data store and the output was paper. Record retrieval was usually a set of subordinates embedded in the updating program. 5. Expanding The Research Question: It is very difficult for a programmer to create user interface forms and to provide database connectivity for each and every form separately whenever he needs it. The work will be very fast if he had a utility, which can provide him all the activity, which he has to do for creating those forms. Hence, it was received that there was a strong need for generating a utility which can help the programmer with on-fly user interface forms and providing database. This project mainly comprises three modules: The information is stored in the database in a systematic way so that it can be easily retrieved whenever required through queries by the reporting module. Data capturing is done through user-friendly screens depending upon the type of data. The entire system is being protected by a user level password to enable different assigned activities so that no intruder can access the data. The user for this application is a person who wants to generate a new web enabled dynamic content application and not the end user working at the client side. 7. Relevance to this Research FEASIBILITY STUDY Feasibility study is an important phase in the software development process. It enables the developer to have an assessment of the product being developed. It refers to the feasibility study of the product in terms of outcomes of the product, operational use and technical support required for implementing it. Feasibility study should be performed on the basis of various criteria and parameters. The various feasibility studies are: Economic Feasibility Operational Feasibility Technical Feasibility Economic Feasibility: It refers to the benefits or outcomes. We are deriving from the product as compared to the total cost we are spending for developing the

Psychological perspectives for Health and social care Assignment

Psychological perspectives for Health and social care - Assignment Example Furthermore, there are various psychological approaches to health and social care practices that one can adopt in order to improve psychological development (Moonie 2005; Brotherton & Parker 2008).The behaviourist perspective implies that changes in behaviour are caused by learning from external factors such as rewards and punishments. According to the work of popular behaviourists, Pavlov and Skinner, one learns from the consequences of ones actions; these actions are connected with the satisfaction (reward) or displeasure (punishment) that follows them, taking into consideration life experiences, genetics, individual progress and much more. The cognitive perspective is more about an individual’s thinking process, opinions, motivation and beliefs having an impact on behaviour. This inspires individuals to take responsibility for their own health and modify abnormal feelings and thoughts. Social learning is probably the commonest perspective; it is impossible for one to exist in a group, culture or society without conforming due to the social influence; an example of this would be smoking cigarettes because ‘all the cool kids do it’. The biological perspective states that behaviour is confirmed by genes, or rather the physical structure and function of the brain as it directs our behaviour; for instance excessive eating (which can lead to obesity).

ICE Construction Contract

ICE Construction Contract The ICE Conditions of Contract 7th edition Measurement Version 1. Introduction The ICE contract has been around since 1945 and is intended for use on civil engineering work. Civil engineering work is fundamentally different from building work it involves fewer trades, but can be much bigger in scale; there is greater uncertainty in civil engineering work, particularly in ground works. When a site investigation takes place for building work, bore holes and trial pits usually give a good indication of the extent of ground water, rock and the like; in the case of a large reservoir, for example, it is impossible to be as certain. This in turn can mean that structural work needs to be varied. For these reasons the work has to be remeasured and valued as it progresses, the bill of quantities being approximate a point of confusion is when should work be measured and valued under the contracts variation provisions, and when should the remeasurement provisions be used. The bill of quantities therefore has two main functions; firstly, as a tendering document; and secon dly, as a basis for valuation. The contract does not recognise the existence of a quantity surveyor. All payment and valuation is by the engineer, although a Q.S. may actually do some of this work. This note does not cover everything in the conditions, but highlights some of the more contentious areas. 2. Discussion of Clauses Generally The clauses contain no punctuation. Only a court can decide where punctuation can go. Clause 1 definitions and interpretations Sub-clause (1)(c ) defines the Engineer. The Engineer is a person or Firm..This should be read in conjunction with clause 2(2)(a) the contractor must know who will be giving it instructions. Sub-clause (1)(v) defines the site. This can include other places and not just the land where work is taking place. Sub-clause (2) defines cost .all expenditure properly incurred or to be incurred whether on or off site including overhead finance and other charges properly allocatable thereto but does not include any allowance for profit. Clause 2 The Engineer and the Engineers Representative The Engineer Carries out duties specified in or implied by the contract Has the authority specified in or implied in the contract A named Chartered Engineer must act as the engineer if a firm is stated in the contract, a named individual must be nominated within 7 days of the award of the contract, and before the works commencement date The Engineer can be replaced the contractor must be informed The Engineers Representative Has more power than the clerk of works under JCT Engineers duties may be delegated, apart from decisions and certificates under 12(6), 44, 48, 60(4), 61, 65 or 66. Delegation shall be in writing with a copy to the contractor Assistants The Engineer or the ER may appoint assistants to assist the ER. Names shall be notified to the contractor. Assistants are purely concerned to secure the acceptance of materials and workmanship as being in accordance with the contract. They can issue instructions only in relation to these matters. Instructions Shall be in writing However, the contractor shall comply with oral instructions different from JCT. Oral instructions can be confirmed in writing by the contractor or Engineer no time limit, but as soon as is possible under the circumstances The Engineer or ER can be asked to specify under which of the Engineers duties or authorities the instruction was issued. It does not refer to an empowering provision, another clause in the contract, unlike JCT Clause 5 (documents mutually explanatory) This clause is very brief but highly contentious. On the face of it, it says that the various documents forming the contract shall be taken as mutually explanatory and any ambiguities shall explained and adjusted by the engineer who shall thereupon issue instructions in writing to the contractor. These instructions shall be regarded as instructions issued under clause 13. (More will be said about clause 13 later on!). Does this clause mean that only ambiguities and discrepancies included in the tender documents can be adjusted? If an error in the tender documents was so obvious when looking at the documents as a whole, should an engineer refuse to issue an instruction? Unlike JCT, the contractor does not have to notify the engineer about any matters requiring clarification. On the other hand the word shall imposes a duty on the engineer to issue instructions and does not confer any discretion on the engineer. It is curious that clause 13(3) refers back to clause 5 and allows for payment to be made to the contractor, but clause 5 itself makes no mention of payment. See also the comments on clause 8 below. Clause 7 (further drawings specifications and instructions) There are two classes of further drawings specifications and instructions: i). Those which amplify and explain what is already in the contract. ii). Those which require any variation to any part of the Works.. In this case the work is deemed to be a variation under clause 51 i.e. no formal instruction in writing is needed. The express link between clause 7 and clause 51 implies that the valuation rules under clause 52 should apply. It should also be noted that the contractor could be paid under clause 13, although clause 7 does not state this. Under sub-clause (1) the information shall be supplied from time to time. This means that the engineer can take into account the contractors actual progress on the job. Sub-clause (3) States that the contractor shall give adequate notice in writing. and sub-clause (4) allows for the contractor to be given an extension of time and extra costs if it is delayed by failure or inability of the Engineer to issue at a time reasonable in all the circumstances Drawings, Specifications or instructions requested by the contractor.. The words requested by the contractor are rather ambiguous is formal written notice under sub-clause (3) a condition precedent to the operation of sub-clause (4)? Clause 8(1) (contractors general responsibilities) Under this provision the contractor shall (a) construct and complete the works (the meaning of such phrases has already been covered) (b) provide all labour materialsand everything.required .for such construction and completion so far as the necessity for providing the same is specified in or reasonably to be inferred from the Contract. The highlighted words suggest that if ambiguities and discrepancies could be corrected by inference from other contract documents, then the contractor could not expect the engineer to act under clauses 5 and 13. Clause 10 (performance security) This very important clause will be discussed in the lecture on insurances and bonds. Clauses 11 and 12 (the basis on which the tender was based/ claims arising from adverse physical conditions and artificial obstructions) Clause 11 Sub-clause (1) under ICE 6 the employer was deemed to have made available to the Contractor, before submission of tenders, all information on ground works obtained by or on behalf of the Employer from investigations undertaken relevant to the Works. This meant that the employer should have given the contractor every piece of information about the site that was in the employers possession, and if he did not do so the contractor could have grounds for a claim under clause 12 irrespective of the contractors obligation to inspect the site under sub-clause (2). The wording has now been changed to reflect the fairer position that the contractor should have priced that job on the basis of the information actually passed to it (subject to its obligation to inspect the site under sub-clause (2). A new section (1)(b) has been added covering pipes and cables in on or over the ground. Second part of 11(1) the contractor is responsible for the interpretation of all such information for the purposes of constructing the Works. does this refer to the tender preparation or the work on site? Sub-clause (2) inspection of site the contractor is deemed to have (a) inspected the site (b) to have satisfied himself so far as is practicable and reasonable on (i) the form and nature of the ground (ii) the extent and nature of the work (iii) means of communication and access etc. to the site (iv) obtaining information as to risks contingencies and all other circumstances Sub-clause (3) basis and sufficiency of tender the contractor shall be deemed to have (a) based his tender on his own inspection and the information made available by the Employer or obtained by the contractor (b) satisfied himself as to the correctness and sufficiency of the rates and prices stated by him in the bill of quantities. Clause 12 Sub-clause (1) Has the Contractor encountered physical conditions (other than weather conditions or conditions due to weather conditions) or artificial obstructions which could not reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced Contractor? Clearly, foreseeability would need to be examined in the light of what information the employer passed to the contractor under 11(1) and the information that should have been gathered by the contractor under 11(2). If so written notice should be given Under sub-clause (2) the Contractor shall at the same time or as soon thereafter as may be reasonable inform the Engineer in writing pursuant to Clause 53 and/or Clause 44(1) that he intends to claim costs and/or time NB clause 53 has a 28 day limit! Sub-clause (3) requires the Contractor to give details of any anticipated effects of the physical conditions or artificial obstructions; measures he has taken or is taking; and anticipated effects, costs and delays in or interference with the carrying out of the Works (whether or not the contractor intends to submit a claim). Sub-clause (4) action by the engineer he may require the Contractor to investigate and report on alternative measures; he can give written consent to the measures taken by the Contractor; give written instructions as to how the physical condition or artificial obstruction should be dealt with; and he can order suspension under clause 40 or a variation under clause 51 Up to this point there is no admission of liability on behalf of the employer unless a variation has been ordered Sub-clause (5) if the Engineer decides that the physical condition or artificial obstruction could have been reasonably foreseen by an experienced Contractor then the Engineer shall inform the Contractor in writing however, any variation ordered under sub-clause (4)(d) shall be paid under Clause 52. Sub-clause (6) the engineer determines the delay and costs incurred with a reasonable addition for profit, and any extension of time provided that the conditions or obstructions could not reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced contractor. There is no need for the contractor to submit a separate claim for an extension of time under clause 44. Clause 13 Sub-clause (1) (work to be to satisfaction of engineer) Save insofar as it is legally or physically impossible the Contractor shall construct and complete the Works in strict accordance with the Contract.and shall comply with and adhere strictly to the Engineers instructions on any matter connected therewith (whether mentioned in the Contract or not). These words have barely changed over the years, and have been considered by the courts in several prominent cases. Consider the following scenario: A contractor is asked to forward a method statement with his tender. When the work starts it soon becomes apparent that the contractors method statement is impossible to work to, and he has to do the work in a more expensive manner. Can the contractor claim the extra costs involved? Sub-clause (2) states that the mode and manner of construction shall be to the engineers satisfaction. Sub-clause (3) gives the procedure for dealing with delay and extra costs. A final point to consider; should variations be issued under clause 51 or 13?! Clause 14 The Programme The programme under ICE has much more significance than under ICE, but not as much as under the NEC. It is, however, not a contract document. The programme should be submitted by the contractor within 21 days of the award of the contract. There are procedures for the Engineer to accept or reject the programme with reasons. In that case the contractor must amend and resubmit the programme. These procedures are all carried out in 21 day time frames. Together with the programme the engineer may request a general description of the arrangements and methods of construction. The accepted programme should be revised if the Engineer considers that the actual progress of work does not confirm to the programme. Clause 40 The Engineer may instruct the contractor to suspend the progress of the works or any part thereof. Subject to the exceptions listed, the contractor can be given an extension of time and costs. Clause 41 The contractor shall start the works as soon as is reasonably practicable after the works commencement date. The contractor should proceed with due expedition and without delay. Clause 44 The contractor should give notice within 28 days if the matters listed entitle him to an extension of time. Note sub-clause (1)(f) other special circumstances of any kind whatsoever This would be interpreted contra proferentem by a court. The Engineer shall make an assessment of the delay and notify the contractor in writing. The Engineer shall also make an assessment in the absence of a written notice from the contractor. The Engineer can make an interim extension award. This cannot later be reduced. The Engineer makes a further assessment at the due date for completion. Again, this cannot later be reduced. The Engineer makes a final determination within 28 days of substantial completion. Clause 46 If the Engineer considers that the contractors rate of progress is too slow, he may issue a notice to the contractor. The contractor shall then take steps to expedite the progress of the works. This is not acceleration. Acceleration is covered by sub-clause (3). Clause 47 liquidated damages Unlike JCT, the Engineer does not issue a notice of non-completion/ Note that under ICE, the deduction of LADs is suspended for the period of an intervening variation, then resumes. JCT does not specifically state this, but legally the position is the same. Clause 48 This covers substantial completion, which is different from practical completion under JCT. under ICE the contractor starts the procedure by notifying the Engineer; there is no such notice under JCT. The Engineer decides within 21 days. The work so certified shall have passed any final test. Outstanding work can be completed after substantial completion; there are no criteria defining when such work can so be permitted. Clause 49 Covers outstanding work. The contractor must continue insuring this work until it is accepted. Clauses 51 and 52 variations and their valuation These are similar to JCT. Note that if the contractor informs the Engineer that a rate for work not the subject of the variation is rendered inapplicable by the variation, the Engineer shall fix the rate. Clause 53 additional payments Claims are submitted under this clause, apart from any dealt with by clauses 12 or 13. Note that the basis of payment is cost, not loss and/or expense. Clauses 55-57 Measurement ICE is a measure and value contract, so procedures for remeasurement need to be included. The quantities in the BQ are estimates The Engineer ascertains by admeasurement Rates can be adjusted if the quantity of an item increases or decreases this is determined by the engineer after consulting the contractor The contractor is to be given an opportunity to attend for measurement if he does not, the Engineers measurements are taken to be correct. Remeasured work may be valued on daywork The method of measurement is CESMM unless otherwise provided in the contract Clause 60 Certificates and Payments The contractor prepares interim payment applications unless the contractor decides one is not needed Payments are made monthly A minimum amount stated in the appendix must be reached before a payment is made Interest is payable on overdue payments. This is in addition to the right of suspension under the Construction Act. Within 3 months of the defects correction certificate, the contractor shall forward to the Engineer a statement of final account. Within a further 3 months the Engineer issues the certificate. This is only a payment certificate and signifies nothing else. Clause 61 Defects Correction Certificate This is issued At the end of the DC period If more than one DC period applies, it is issued at the end of the last period Outstanding work under 48 must be completed Making good under 49 and 50 must be completed The certificate states the date when the contractor shall have completed his obligations to construct and complete the Works to the Engineers satisfaction. This is the most important certificate under ICE. Compare this certificate with the final certificate under JCT.

Advocacy for poverty

Maya Coney Crystal Snyder Adam Smith Kyle Parker Need For Advocacy: We want to advocate for those In poverty. The world has enough food to feed everyone but food distribution Is uneven between social classes. Due to this Inequality, we have chosen different options on how to reduce this Issue. People of poverty often face problems with prejudice, Judgment, misunderstanding, and discrimination. We want to help reduce hunger In our community In the Valhalla Beach area and DOD community as well. We also want to help provide clothing to the underprivileged.All of which will help provide awareness for people experiencing poverty. Plan Development: Our group is going to participate in the spirit Friday Food Drive at ODD main campus. The event is scheduled for September 27, 2013. Students are asked to provide nonperishable goods for collection. Our group also plans to participate as a volunteer in the Food Bank of Southeastern VA on November 1 5, 2013. In addition to these two events and ac tivities, we plan to also participate in Meals and Wheels in November as well. Plan Implementation: Our group plans to create a flier.On this flier, we plan to create an event for which students at the V Higher De Center can donate nonperishable goods. After creating the flier, we plan to coordinate the donation event in accordance with the flier. In the donation event, we also plan to collect clothing for donation to local thrift stores, like Goodwill or Salvation Army. To help spread awareness, we plan to forward any school sponsored events from ODDS directed towards poverty to students that attend campus classes. Assessment of Advocacy Project: Individual/ Personal Reflections (4, 1 for each member of the group)Advocacy for poverty By tackles 82 We want to advocate for those in poverty. The world has enough food to feed everyone but food distribution is uneven between social classes. Due to this inequality, we have chosen different options on how to reduce this issue. People of d iscrimination. We want to help reduce hunger in our community in the Virginia Beach area and ODDS community as well. We also want to help provide clothing to the Our group is going to participate in the spirit Friday Food Drive at ODDS main campus. In the Food Bank of Southeastern VA on November 15, 2013.